Determining the immune status of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus): an environmental agents of disease perspective

• Main Author: Kennedy, Stephanie Nichole
• Other Authors: O'Hara, Todd, Ferrante, Andrea, Kuhn, Thomas, Trainor, Thomas, Rea, Lorrie
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: 2019
• Subjects: Steller's sea lion; immunology; environment; Fairbanks; Alaska; Aleutian Islands
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/11122/10510

Dissertation (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2019 The integrity of the immune system is paramount for preserving overall health for many organisms. Investigating environmental and physiological factors that may be associated with alterations of the immune status in non-traditional sentinel species, like the Steller sea lion (SSL), is a prominent undertaking in eco-immunology research. Changes to immune homeostasis likely impacts the health and survival of SSLs. Recent studies have reported that mercury concentrations in hair in 24 to 36% of newborn SSLs of the Western Aleutian Islands (WAI) exceed thresholds (>30 ppm) for potential adverse effects. Many of these individuals were from WAI rookeries that have historically experienced significant population declines with some slow to recover. Retrospective, and ongoing, analyses of mercury in lanugo coats (natal hair) from young pups of the WAI demonstrate in utero exposure to relatively high levels of mercury during late gestation. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on the notion that dietary acquired mercury could potentially alter immune response in SSLs, especially young pups, and may contribute to the lack of recovery from population declines. In order to gain an understanding of the potential for mercury to adversely affect the immune response of SSLs, selected aspects of immunity were measured (blood cell counts, haptoglobin, immunoglobulins, and cytokines) and investigated within the context of body condition, age, mercury exposure and regional population dynamics. In Chapter Two, the acute phase response protein, haptoglobin, was found to vary significantly with age and region. Individual SSL pups with greater concentrations of mercury had lower predicted concentrations of haptoglobin. In Chapter Three, a colorimetric protein A enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was modified for enhancing accurate measurement of immunoglobulin concentrations in SSL serum. This improved methodology was then used in Chapter Four for comparing immunoglobulins in ...