Assessment of radiation forcing data sets for large-scale sea ice models in the Southern Ocean

• Published in: Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
• Main Authors: Vancoppenolle, Martin, Timmermann, R., Ackley, S.F., Fichefet, Thierry, Goosse, Hugues
• Other Authors: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2011
• Subjects: CISM : CECI; 1443; Antarctic; Bellingshausen Sea; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Weddell; Weddell Sea; Antarc*; Antarctica; Sea ice
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2078/71058; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.10.039

Little is known about errors in the atmospheric forcings of large-scale sea ice-ocean models around Antarctica. These forcings involve atmospheric reanalyses, typically those from the National Center for Environmental Prediction and National Center from Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR), climatologies, and empirical parameterizations of atmosphere-ice heat and radiation fluxes. In the present paper, we evaluate the atmospheric forcing ï¬elds of sea ice models in the Southern Ocean using meteorological and radiation observations from two drifting station experiments over Antarctic sea ice. These are Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA, Bellingshausen Sea, October 2007) and ISPOL (Ice Station POLarstern,Weddell Sea, December 2004). For the comparison, it is assumed that those point measurements are representative of the whole model grid cell they were collected in. Analysis suggests that the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses have relatively low biases for variables that are assimilated by the system (temperature, winds and humidity) and are less accurate for those which are not (cloud fraction and radiation fluxes). The main deï¬ciencies are signiï¬cant day-to-day errors in air temperature (root-mean-square error 1.4–3.8 1C) and a 0.2–0.6 g/kgmean overestimation in NCEP-NCAR speciï¬c humidity. In addition, associated with an underestimation of cloud fraction, NCEP-NCAR shortwave radiation features a large positive bias (43–109W/m2 ), partly compensated by a 20–45 W/m2 negative bias in longwave radiation. Those biases can be drastically reduced by using empirical formulae of radiation fluxes and climatologies of relative humidity and cloud cover. However, this procedure leads to a loss of day-to-day and interannual variability in the radiation ï¬elds. We provide technical recommendations on how the radiation forcing should be handled to reduce sea ice model forcing errors. The various errors in forcing ï¬elds found here should not hide the great value of atmospheric reanalyses for the simulation of the ...