State of the climate in 2015
In 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global...
Published in: | Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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2016
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/11383/2061873 https://doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 |
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ftuninsubriairis:oai:irinsubria.uninsubria.it:11383/2061873 |
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Open Polar |
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IRInSubria - Institutional Repository Insubria (Università degli Studi dell’Insubria) |
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ftuninsubriairis |
language |
English |
topic |
Atmospheric Science |
spellingShingle |
Atmospheric Science Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. Ackerman, Steven A. Adams, Nicolaus G. Adler, Robert F. Albanil, Adelina Alfaro, E. J. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arendt, A. Arévalo, Juan Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Aschan, M. M. Azorin Molina, César Banzon, Viva Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Bazo, Juan Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, María L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Bill, Brian D. Gugliemin, M. Billheimer, Sam Bissolli, Peter Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderón, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrasco, Gualberto Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Chandler, Elise Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, Daniel Chung, E. S. Cinque, Kathy Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. Cogley, J. G. Coldewey Egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Cosca, Catherine E. Cross, Jessica N. Crotwell, Molly J. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Destin, Dale Di Girolamo, Larry Di Giuseppe, F. Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolgov, A. V. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Dortch, Quay Doucette, Greg Drozdov, D. S. Ducklow, Hugh Dunn, Robert J. H. Durán Quesada, Ana M. Dutton, Geoff S. Ebrahim, A. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Espinoza, Jhan C. Etienne Leblanc, Sheryl Evans, Thomas E. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fateh, S. Fausto, Robert S. Fedaeff, Nava Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogarty, Chris T. Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Fonseca, C. Fossheim, M. Foster, Michael J. Fountain, Andrew Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Garzoli, Silvia Gerland, S. Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Gomez, R. Sorbonne Goni, Gustavo Goto, A. Grooß, J. U. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Chip Gupta, S. K. Gutiérrez, J. M. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hakkarainen, J. Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hansen, K. Hanssen Bauer, I. Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heikkilä, A. Heil, A. Heim, Richard R. Hendricks, S. Hernández, Marieta Hidalgo, Hugo G. Hilburn, Kyle Ho, Shu Peng Ben Holmes, R. M. Hu, Zeng Zhen Huang, Boyin Huelsing, Hannah K. Huffman, George J. Hughes, C. Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Ingvaldsen, R. B. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jiménez, C. Jin, Xiangze Johannesen, E. John, Viju Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Jones, Philip D. Joseph, Annie C. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, Johannes W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kendon, Mike Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. J. Kimberlain, Todd B. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kobayashi, Shinya Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kovacs, K. M. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Kudela, Raphael Kumar, Arun Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lantz, Kathleen Lazzara, Matthew A. Lemons, P. Leuliette, Eric L’Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I. I. Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Lo Monaco, Claire Long, Craig S. López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing Jia Luojus, K. Lydersen, C. Lyman, John M. Maberly, Stephen C. Maddux, Brent C. Malheiros Ramos, Andrea Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marcellin, Vernie Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, José A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martínez Güingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. Mata, Mauricio M. Mathis, Jeremy T. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcclelland, J. W. Mcgree, Simon Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Meinen, Christopher S. Mekonnen, A. Menéndez, Melisa Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Metzl, N. Minnis, Patrick Miralles, Diego G. Mistelbauer, T. Mitchum, Gary T. Monselesan, Didier Monteiro, Pedro Montzka, Stephen A. Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Mühle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Nash, Eric R. Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan José Noetzli, Jeannette O’Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Parinussa, Robert M. Park, E. Hyung Parker, David Parrington, M. Parsons, A. Rost Pasch, Richard J. Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Paulik, Christoph Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Peng, Liang Perkins Kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, David Pinty, Bernard Pitts, Michael C. Pons, M. R. Porter, Avalon O. Primicerio, R. Proshutinsky, A. Quegan, Sean Quintana, Juan Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Rajeevan, Madhavan Randriamarolaza, L. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Rémy, Samuel Renwick, James A. Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter Menge, J. Riffler, Michael Rimmer, Alon Rintoul, Steve Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Rodríguez Solís, José L. Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sabine, Christopher L. Sallée, Jean Bapiste Sánchez Lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schemm, Jae Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schmidtko, Sunke Schreck, Carl J. Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Setzer, Alberto Sharp, M. Shaw, Adrian Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Sharon L. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, José L. Stengel, Martin Stennett Brown, Roxann Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, D. A. Sun Mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Talley, Lynne D. Tamar, Gerard Tank, S. E. Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Teubner, Katrin Thoman, R. L. Thompson, Philip Thomson, L. Timmermans, M. L. Tirnanes, Joaquin A. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trainer, Vera L. Tretiakov, M. Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Ronald J. , van der A. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vigneswaran, Bala Vincent, Lucie A. Volkov, Denis Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Wåhlin, Anna Wahr, J. Walsh, J. Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng Hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Williams, Michael J. M. Willie, Shem Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yamada, Ryuji Yim, So Young Yin, Xungang Young, Steven H. Yu, Lisan Zahid, H. Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhou, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Love Brotak, S. Elizabeth Gilbert, Kristin Maycock, Tom Osborne, Susan Sprain, Mara Veasey, Sara W. Ambrose, Barbara J. Griffin, Jessicca Misch, Deborah J. Riddle, Deborah B. Young, Teresa GUGLIELMIN, MAURO State of the climate in 2015 |
topic_facet |
Atmospheric Science |
description |
In 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system. Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term upward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second consecutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceeding the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high. Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual temperatures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the highest annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satellite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean during August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ... |
author2 |
Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. Ackerman, Steven A. Adams, Nicolaus G. Adler, Robert F. Albanil, Adelina Alfaro, E. J. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arendt, A. Arévalo, Juan Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Aschan, M. M. Azorin Molina, César Banzon, Viva Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Bazo, Juan Becker, Andrea Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, María L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Bill, Brian D. Gugliemin, M. Billheimer, Sam Bissolli, Peter Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Bulygina, Olga N. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. Ackerman, Steven A. Adams, Nicolaus G. Adler, Robert F. Albanil, Adelina Alfaro, E. J. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arendt, A. Arévalo, Juan Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Aschan, M. M. Azorin Molina, César Banzon, Viva Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Bazo, Juan Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, María L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Bill, Brian D. Gugliemin, M. Billheimer, Sam Bissolli, Peter Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderón, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrasco, Gualberto Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Chandler, Elise Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, Daniel Chung, E. S. Cinque, Kathy Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. Cogley, J. G. Coldewey Egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Cosca, Catherine E. Cross, Jessica N. Crotwell, Molly J. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Destin, Dale Di Girolamo, Larry Di Giuseppe, F. Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolgov, A. V. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Dortch, Quay Doucette, Greg Drozdov, D. S. Ducklow, Hugh Dunn, Robert J. H. Durán Quesada, Ana M. Dutton, Geoff S. Ebrahim, A. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Espinoza, Jhan C. Etienne Leblanc, Sheryl Evans, Thomas E. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fateh, S. Fausto, Robert S. Fedaeff, Nava Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogarty, Chris T. Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Fonseca, C. Fossheim, M. Foster, Michael J. Fountain, Andrew Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Garzoli, Silvia Gerland, S. Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Gomez, R. Sorbonne Goni, Gustavo Goto, A. Grooß, J. U. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Chip Gupta, S. K. Gutiérrez, J. M. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hakkarainen, J. Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hansen, K. Hanssen Bauer, I. Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heikkilä, A. Heil, A. Heim, Richard R. Hendricks, S. Hernández, Marieta Hidalgo, Hugo G. Hilburn, Kyle Ho, Shu Peng Ben Holmes, R. M. Hu, Zeng Zhen Huang, Boyin Huelsing, Hannah K. Huffman, George J. Hughes, C. Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Ingvaldsen, R. B. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jiménez, C. Jin, Xiangze Johannesen, E. John, Viju Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Jones, Philip D. Joseph, Annie C. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, Johannes W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kendon, Mike Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. J. Kimberlain, Todd B. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kobayashi, Shinya Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kovacs, K. M. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Kudela, Raphael Kumar, Arun Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lantz, Kathleen Lazzara, Matthew A. Lemons, P. Leuliette, Eric L’Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I. I. Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Lo Monaco, Claire Long, Craig S. López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing Jia Luojus, K. Lydersen, C. Lyman, John M. Maberly, Stephen C. Maddux, Brent C. Malheiros Ramos, Andrea Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marcellin, Vernie Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, José A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martínez Güingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. Mata, Mauricio M. Mathis, Jeremy T. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcclelland, J. W. Mcgree, Simon Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Meinen, Christopher S. Mekonnen, A. Menéndez, Melisa Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Metzl, N. Minnis, Patrick Miralles, Diego G. Mistelbauer, T. Mitchum, Gary T. Monselesan, Didier Monteiro, Pedro Montzka, Stephen A. Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Mühle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Nash, Eric R. Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan José Noetzli, Jeannette O’Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Parinussa, Robert M. Park, E. Hyung Parker, David Parrington, M. Parsons, A. Rost Pasch, Richard J. Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Paulik, Christoph Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Peng, Liang Perkins Kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, David Pinty, Bernard Pitts, Michael C. Pons, M. R. Porter, Avalon O. Primicerio, R. Proshutinsky, A. Quegan, Sean Quintana, Juan Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Rajeevan, Madhavan Randriamarolaza, L. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Rémy, Samuel Renwick, James A. Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter Menge, J. Riffler, Michael Rimmer, Alon Rintoul, Steve Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Rodríguez Solís, José L. Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sabine, Christopher L. Sallée, Jean Bapiste Sánchez Lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schemm, Jae Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schmidtko, Sunke Schreck, Carl J. Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Setzer, Alberto Sharp, M. Shaw, Adrian Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Sharon L. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, José L. Stengel, Martin Stennett Brown, Roxann Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, D. A. Sun Mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Talley, Lynne D. Tamar, Gerard Tank, S. E. Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Teubner, Katrin Thoman, R. L. Thompson, Philip Thomson, L. Timmermans, M. L. Tirnanes, Joaquin A. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trainer, Vera L. Tretiakov, M. Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Ronald J. , van der A. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vigneswaran, Bala Vincent, Lucie A. Volkov, Denis Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Wåhlin, Anna Wahr, J. Walsh, J. Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng Hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Williams, Michael J. M. Willie, Shem Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yamada, Ryuji Yim, So Young Yin, Xungang Young, Steven H. Yu, Lisan Zahid, H. Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhou, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Love Brotak, S. Elizabeth Gilbert, Kristin Maycock, Tom Osborne, Susan Sprain, Mara Veasey, Sara W. Ambrose, Barbara J. Griffin, Jessicca Misch, Deborah J. Riddle, Deborah B. Young, Teresa GUGLIELMIN, MAURO |
author_facet |
Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. Ackerman, Steven A. Adams, Nicolaus G. Adler, Robert F. Albanil, Adelina Alfaro, E. J. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arendt, A. Arévalo, Juan Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Aschan, M. M. Azorin Molina, César Banzon, Viva Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Bazo, Juan Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, María L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Bill, Brian D. Gugliemin, M. Billheimer, Sam Bissolli, Peter Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderón, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrasco, Gualberto Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Chandler, Elise Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, Daniel Chung, E. S. Cinque, Kathy Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. Cogley, J. G. Coldewey Egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Cosca, Catherine E. Cross, Jessica N. Crotwell, Molly J. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Destin, Dale Di Girolamo, Larry Di Giuseppe, F. Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolgov, A. V. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Dortch, Quay Doucette, Greg Drozdov, D. S. Ducklow, Hugh Dunn, Robert J. H. Durán Quesada, Ana M. Dutton, Geoff S. Ebrahim, A. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Espinoza, Jhan C. Etienne Leblanc, Sheryl Evans, Thomas E. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fateh, S. Fausto, Robert S. Fedaeff, Nava Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogarty, Chris T. Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Fonseca, C. Fossheim, M. Foster, Michael J. Fountain, Andrew Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Garzoli, Silvia Gerland, S. Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Gomez, R. Sorbonne Goni, Gustavo Goto, A. Grooß, J. U. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Chip Gupta, S. K. Gutiérrez, J. M. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hakkarainen, J. Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hansen, K. Hanssen Bauer, I. Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heikkilä, A. Heil, A. Heim, Richard R. Hendricks, S. Hernández, Marieta Hidalgo, Hugo G. Hilburn, Kyle Ho, Shu Peng Ben Holmes, R. M. Hu, Zeng Zhen Huang, Boyin Huelsing, Hannah K. Huffman, George J. Hughes, C. Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Ingvaldsen, R. B. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jiménez, C. Jin, Xiangze Johannesen, E. John, Viju Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Jones, Philip D. Joseph, Annie C. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, Johannes W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kendon, Mike Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. J. Kimberlain, Todd B. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kobayashi, Shinya Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kovacs, K. M. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Kudela, Raphael Kumar, Arun Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lantz, Kathleen Lazzara, Matthew A. Lemons, P. Leuliette, Eric L’Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I. I. Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Lo Monaco, Claire Long, Craig S. López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing Jia Luojus, K. Lydersen, C. Lyman, John M. Maberly, Stephen C. Maddux, Brent C. Malheiros Ramos, Andrea Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marcellin, Vernie Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, José A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martínez Güingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. Mata, Mauricio M. Mathis, Jeremy T. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcclelland, J. W. Mcgree, Simon Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Meinen, Christopher S. Mekonnen, A. Menéndez, Melisa Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Metzl, N. Minnis, Patrick Miralles, Diego G. Mistelbauer, T. Mitchum, Gary T. Monselesan, Didier Monteiro, Pedro Montzka, Stephen A. Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Mühle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Nash, Eric R. Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan José Noetzli, Jeannette O’Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Parinussa, Robert M. Park, E. Hyung Parker, David Parrington, M. Parsons, A. Rost Pasch, Richard J. Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Paulik, Christoph Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Peng, Liang Perkins Kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, David Pinty, Bernard Pitts, Michael C. Pons, M. R. Porter, Avalon O. Primicerio, R. Proshutinsky, A. Quegan, Sean Quintana, Juan Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Rajeevan, Madhavan Randriamarolaza, L. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Rémy, Samuel Renwick, James A. Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter Menge, J. Riffler, Michael Rimmer, Alon Rintoul, Steve Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Rodríguez Solís, José L. Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sabine, Christopher L. Sallée, Jean Bapiste Sánchez Lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schemm, Jae Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schmidtko, Sunke Schreck, Carl J. Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Setzer, Alberto Sharp, M. Shaw, Adrian Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Sharon L. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, José L. Stengel, Martin Stennett Brown, Roxann Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, D. A. Sun Mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Talley, Lynne D. Tamar, Gerard Tank, S. E. Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Teubner, Katrin Thoman, R. L. Thompson, Philip Thomson, L. Timmermans, M. L. Tirnanes, Joaquin A. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trainer, Vera L. Tretiakov, M. Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Ronald J. , van der A. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vigneswaran, Bala Vincent, Lucie A. Volkov, Denis Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Wåhlin, Anna Wahr, J. Walsh, J. Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng Hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Williams, Michael J. M. Willie, Shem Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yamada, Ryuji Yim, So Young Yin, Xungang Young, Steven H. Yu, Lisan Zahid, H. Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhou, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Love Brotak, S. Elizabeth Gilbert, Kristin Maycock, Tom Osborne, Susan Sprain, Mara Veasey, Sara W. Ambrose, Barbara J. Griffin, Jessicca Misch, Deborah J. Riddle, Deborah B. Young, Teresa GUGLIELMIN, MAURO |
author_sort |
Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. |
title |
State of the climate in 2015 |
title_short |
State of the climate in 2015 |
title_full |
State of the climate in 2015 |
title_fullStr |
State of the climate in 2015 |
title_full_unstemmed |
State of the climate in 2015 |
title_sort |
state of the climate in 2015 |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/11383/2061873 https://doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 |
genre |
Arctic Ocean Sea ice |
genre_facet |
Arctic Ocean Sea ice |
op_relation |
volume:97 issue:8 firstpage:S1 lastpage:S275 journal:BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY http://hdl.handle.net/11383/2061873 doi:10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-84986201515 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 |
container_title |
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |
container_volume |
97 |
container_issue |
8 |
container_start_page |
Si |
op_container_end_page |
S275 |
_version_ |
1796937537454866432 |
spelling |
ftuninsubriairis:oai:irinsubria.uninsubria.it:11383/2061873 2024-04-21T07:55:28+00:00 State of the climate in 2015 Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. Ackerman, Steven A. Adams, Nicolaus G. Adler, Robert F. Albanil, Adelina Alfaro, E. J. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arendt, A. Arévalo, Juan Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Aschan, M. M. Azorin Molina, César Banzon, Viva Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Bazo, Juan Becker, Andreas Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, María L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Bill, Brian D. Gugliemin, M. Billheimer, Sam Bissolli, Peter Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Bulygina, Olga N. Burgess, D. Calderón, Blanca Camargo, Suzana J. Campbell, Jayaka D. Cappelen, J. Carrasco, Gualberto Carter, Brendan R. Chambers, Don P. Chandler, Elise Christiansen, Hanne H. Christy, John R. Chung, Daniel Chung, E. S. Cinque, Kathy Clem, Kyle R. Coelho, Caio A. Cogley, J. G. Coldewey Egbers, Melanie Colwell, Steve Cooper, Owen R. Copland, L. Cosca, Catherine E. Cross, Jessica N. Crotwell, Molly J. Crouch, Jake Davis, Sean M. De Eyto, Elvira De Jeu, Richard A. M. De Laat, Jos Degasperi, Curtis L. Degenstein, Doug Demircan, M. Derksen, C. Destin, Dale Di Girolamo, Larry Di Giuseppe, F. Diamond, Howard J. Dlugokencky, Ed J. Dohan, Kathleen Dokulil, Martin T. Dolgov, A. V. Dolman, A. Johannes Domingues, Catia M. Donat, Markus G. Dong, Shenfu Dorigo, Wouter A. Dortch, Quay Doucette, Greg Drozdov, D. S. Ducklow, Hugh Dunn, Robert J. H. Durán Quesada, Ana M. Dutton, Geoff S. Ebrahim, A. Elkharrim, M. Elkins, James W. Espinoza, Jhan C. Etienne Leblanc, Sheryl Evans, Thomas E. Famiglietti, James S. Farrell, S. Fateh, S. Fausto, Robert S. Fedaeff, Nava Feely, Richard A. Feng, Z. Fenimore, Chris Fettweis, X. Fioletov, Vitali E. Flemming, Johannes Fogarty, Chris T. Fogt, Ryan L. Folland, Chris Fonseca, C. Fossheim, M. Foster, Michael J. Fountain, Andrew Francis, S. D. Franz, Bryan A. Frey, Richard A. Frith, Stacey M. Froidevaux, Lucien Ganter, Catherine Garzoli, Silvia Gerland, S. Gobron, Nadine Goldenberg, Stanley B. Gomez, R. Sorbonne Goni, Gustavo Goto, A. Grooß, J. U. Gruber, Alexander Guard, Charles Chip Gupta, S. K. Gutiérrez, J. M. Hagos, S. Hahn, Sebastian Haimberger, Leo Hakkarainen, J. Hall, Brad D. Halpert, Michael S. Hamlington, Benjamin D. Hanna, E. Hansen, K. Hanssen Bauer, I. Harris, Ian Heidinger, Andrew K. Heikkilä, A. Heil, A. Heim, Richard R. Hendricks, S. Hernández, Marieta Hidalgo, Hugo G. Hilburn, Kyle Ho, Shu Peng Ben Holmes, R. M. Hu, Zeng Zhen Huang, Boyin Huelsing, Hannah K. Huffman, George J. Hughes, C. Hurst, Dale F. Ialongo, I. Ijampy, J. A. Ingvaldsen, R. B. Inness, Antje Isaksen, K. Ishii, Masayoshi Jevrejeva, Svetlana Jiménez, C. Jin, Xiangze Johannesen, E. John, Viju Johnsen, B. Johnson, Bryan Johnson, Gregory C. Jones, Philip D. Joseph, Annie C. Jumaux, Guillaume Kabidi, Khadija Kaiser, Johannes W. Kato, Seiji Kazemi, A. Keller, Linda M. Kendon, Mike Kennedy, John Kerr, Kenneth Kholodov, A. L. Khoshkam, Mahbobeh Killick, Rachel Kim, Hyungjun Kim, S. J. Kimberlain, Todd B. Klotzbach, Philip J. Knaff, John A. Kobayashi, Shinya Kohler, J. Korhonen, Johanna Korshunova, Natalia N. Kovacs, K. M. Kramarova, Natalya Kratz, D. P. Kruger, Andries Kruk, Michael C. Kudela, Raphael Kumar, Arun Lakatos, M. Lakkala, K. Lander, Mark A. Landsea, Chris W. Lankhorst, Matthias Lantz, Kathleen Lazzara, Matthew A. Lemons, P. Leuliette, Eric L’Heureux, Michelle Lieser, Jan L. Lin, I. I. Liu, Hongxing Liu, Yinghui Locarnini, Ricardo Loeb, Norman G. Lo Monaco, Claire Long, Craig S. López Álvarez, Luis Alfonso Lorrey, Andrew M. Loyola, Diego Lumpkin, Rick Luo, Jing Jia Luojus, K. Lydersen, C. Lyman, John M. Maberly, Stephen C. Maddux, Brent C. Malheiros Ramos, Andrea Malkova, G. V. Manney, G. Marcellin, Vernie Marchenko, S. S. Marengo, José A. Marra, John J. Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz Martens, B. Martínez Güingla, Rodney Massom, Robert A. Mata, Mauricio M. Mathis, Jeremy T. May, Linda Mayer, Michael Mazloff, Matthew Mcbride, Charlotte Mccabe, M. F. Mccarthy, M. Mcclelland, J. W. Mcgree, Simon Mcvicar, Tim R. Mears, Carl A. Meier, W. Meinen, Christopher S. Mekonnen, A. Menéndez, Melisa Mengistu Tsidu, G. Menzel, W. Paul Merchant, Christopher J. Meredith, Michael P. Merrifield, Mark A. Metzl, N. Minnis, Patrick Miralles, Diego G. Mistelbauer, T. Mitchum, Gary T. Monselesan, Didier Monteiro, Pedro Montzka, Stephen A. Morice, Colin Mote, T. Mudryk, L. Mühle, Jens Mullan, A. Brett Nash, Eric R. Naveira Garabato, Alberto C. Nerem, R. Steven Newman, Paul A. Nieto, Juan José Noetzli, Jeannette O’Neel, S. Osborn, Tim J. Overland, J. Oyunjargal, Lamjav Parinussa, Robert M. Park, E. Hyung Parker, David Parrington, M. Parsons, A. Rost Pasch, Richard J. Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo Paterson, Andrew M. Paulik, Christoph Pearce, Petra R. Pelto, Mauri S. Peng, Liang Perkins Kirkpatrick, Sarah E. Perovich, D. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Pezza, Alexandre B. Phillips, David Pinty, Bernard Pitts, Michael C. Pons, M. R. Porter, Avalon O. Primicerio, R. Proshutinsky, A. Quegan, Sean Quintana, Juan Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh Rajeevan, Madhavan Randriamarolaza, L. Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N. Reagan, James Reid, Phillip Reimer, Christoph Rémy, Samuel Renwick, James A. Revadekar, Jayashree V. Richter Menge, J. Riffler, Michael Rimmer, Alon Rintoul, Steve Robinson, David A. Rodell, Matthew Rodríguez Solís, José L. Romanovsky, Vladimir E. Ronchail, Josyane Rosenlof, Karen H. Roth, Chris Rusak, James A. Sabine, Christopher L. Sallée, Jean Bapiste Sánchez Lugo, Ahira Santee, Michelle L. Sawaengphokhai, P. Sayouri, Amal Scambos, Ted A. Schemm, Jae Schladow, S. Geoffrey Schmid, Claudia Schmid, Martin Schmidtko, Sunke Schreck, Carl J. Selkirk, H. B. Send, Uwe Sensoy, Serhat Setzer, Alberto Sharp, M. Shaw, Adrian Shi, Lei Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, Nikolai I. Siegel, David A. Signorini, Sergio R. Sima, Fatou Simmons, Adrian J. Smeets, C. J. P. P. Smith, Sharon L. Spence, Jaqueline M. Srivastava, A. K. Stackhouse, Paul W. Stammerjohn, Sharon Steinbrecht, Wolfgang Stella, José L. Stengel, Martin Stennett Brown, Roxann Stephenson, Tannecia S. Strahan, Susan Streletskiy, D. A. Sun Mack, Sunny Swart, Sebastiaan Sweet, William Talley, Lynne D. Tamar, Gerard Tank, S. E. Taylor, Michael A. Tedesco, M. Teubner, Katrin Thoman, R. L. Thompson, Philip Thomson, L. Timmermans, M. L. Tirnanes, Joaquin A. Tobin, Skie Trachte, Katja Trainer, Vera L. Tretiakov, M. Trewin, Blair C. Trotman, Adrian R. Tschudi, M. Van As, D. Van De Wal, R. S. W. Ronald J. , van der A. Van Der Schalie, Robin Van Der Schrier, Gerard Van Der Werf, Guido R. Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J. Velicogna, I. Verburg, Piet Vigneswaran, Bala Vincent, Lucie A. Volkov, Denis Vose, Russell S. Wagner, Wolfgang Wåhlin, Anna Wahr, J. Walsh, J. Wang, Chunzai Wang, Junhong Wang, Lei Wang, M. Wang, Sheng Hung Wanninkhof, Rik Watanabe, Shohei Weber, Mark Weller, Robert A. Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A. Whitewood, Robert Wijffels, Susan E. Wilber, Anne C. Wild, Jeanette D. Willett, Kate M. Williams, Michael J. M. Willie, Shem Wolken, G. Wong, Takmeng Wood, E. F. Woolway, R. Iestyn Wouters, B. Xue, Yan Yamada, Ryuji Yim, So Young Yin, Xungang Young, Steven H. Yu, Lisan Zahid, H. Zambrano, Eduardo Zhang, Peiqun Zhao, Guanguo Zhou, Lin Ziemke, Jerry R. Love Brotak, S. Elizabeth Gilbert, Kristin Maycock, Tom Osborne, Susan Sprain, Mara Veasey, Sara W. Ambrose, Barbara J. Griffin, Jessicca Misch, Deborah J. Riddle, Deborah B. Young, Teresa GUGLIELMIN, MAURO Aaron Morrison, Arlene P. Ackerman, Steven A. Adams, Nicolaus G. Adler, Robert F. Albanil, Adelina Alfaro, E. J. Allan, Rob Alves, Lincoln M. Amador, Jorge A. Andreassen, L. M. Arendt, A. Arévalo, Juan Arndt, Derek S. Arzhanova, N. M. Aschan, M. M. Azorin Molina, César Banzon, Viva Bardin, M. U. Barichivich, Jonathan Baringer, Molly O. Barreira, Sandra Baxter, Stephen Bazo, Juan Becker, Andrea Bedka, Kristopher M. Behrenfeld, Michael J. Bell, Gerald D. Belmont, M. Benedetti, Angela Bernhard, G. Berrisford, Paul Berry, David I. Bettolli, María L. Bhatt, U. S. Bidegain, Mario Bill, Brian D. Gugliemin, M. Billheimer, Sam Bissolli, Peter Blake, Eric S. Blunden, Jessica Bosilovich, Michael G. Boucher, Olivier Boudet, Dagne Box, J. E. Boyer, Tim Braathen, Geir O. Bromwich, David H. Brown, R. Bulygina, Olga N. 2016 http://hdl.handle.net/11383/2061873 https://doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 eng eng volume:97 issue:8 firstpage:S1 lastpage:S275 journal:BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY http://hdl.handle.net/11383/2061873 doi:10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-84986201515 http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 Atmospheric Science info:eu-repo/semantics/article 2016 ftuninsubriairis https://doi.org/10.1175/2016BAMSStateoftheClimate.1 2024-03-28T01:22:53Z In 2015, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—all continued to reach new high levels. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, the annual CO2 concentration increased by a record 3.1 ppm, exceeding 400 ppm for the first time on record. The 2015 global CO2 average neared this threshold, at 399.4 ppm. Additionally, one of the strongest El Niño events since at least 1950 developed in spring 2015 and continued to evolve through the year. The phenomenon was far reaching, impacting many regions across the globe and affecting most aspects of the climate system. Owing to the combination of El Niño and a long-term upward trend, Earth observed record warmth for the second consecutive year, with the 2015 annual global surface temperature surpassing the previous record by more than 0.1°C and exceeding the average for the mid- to late 19th century—commonly considered representative of preindustrial conditions—by more than 1°C for the first time. Above Earth’s surface, lower troposphere temperatures were near-record high. Across land surfaces, record to near-record warmth was reported across every inhabited continent. Twelve countries, including Russia and China, reported record high annual temperatures. In June, one of the most severe heat waves since 1980 affected Karachi, Pakistan, claiming over 1000 lives. On 27 October, Vredendal, South Africa, reached 48.4°C, a new global high temperature record for this month. In the Arctic, the 2015 land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying 2007 and 2011 for the highest annual temperature and representing a 2.8°C increase since the record began in 1900. Increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 25 February 2015, the lowest maximum sea ice extent in the 37-year satellite record was observed, 7% below the 1981–2010 average. Mean sea surface temperatures across the Arctic Ocean during August in ice-free regions, representative of Arctic Ocean summer anomalies, ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Ocean Sea ice IRInSubria - Institutional Repository Insubria (Università degli Studi dell’Insubria) Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97 8 Si S275 |