Out-of-Australia and back again: the worldwide historical biogeography of non-pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Sycophaginae)

• Published in: Journal of Biogeography
• Main Authors: Cruaud, Astrid, Zahab, Roula, Genson, Guénaëlle, Couloux, Arnaud, Yan-Quiong, Peng, Da-Rong, Yang, Ubaidillah, Rosichon, Pereira, Rodrigo A.S., Kjellberg, Finn, van Noort, Simon, Kerdelhue, Carole, Rasplus, Jean Yves
• Other Authors: Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD France-Sud )-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), *, Bayer Cropscience, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing (CAS), Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural History Division, South African Museum, ANR (National Research Agency) 04/10299-4, NRF GUN 61497
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2011
• Subjects: BIOGEOGRAPHY; DISPERSAL; DIVERGENCE TIMES; FIG WASPS; GALL-INDUCING INSECTS; NINETYEAST RIDGE; PHYLOGENY; FIGUIER; ESPECE INVASIVE; FICUS; INSECTE; HISTOIRE BIOGEOGRAPHIQUE; RELATIONS PLANTES-HERBIVORES; [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio]; North Atlantic
• Online Access: https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02652859; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02429.x

Contact: [e-mail] International audience Aim Figs (Ficus, Moraceae) are exploited by rich communities of often host-specific phytophagous wasps. Among them, gall-inducing Sycophaginae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) may share a common history with Ficus and their mutualistic pollinators (Agaonidae). We investigate here, for the first time, the phylogeny and biogeographical history of Sycophaginae and compare the timing of radiation and dispersion of major clades with available data on Ficus and fig pollinators. Reconstructing the history of their host colonization and association over space and time is central to understanding how fig wasp communities were assembled. Location World-wide. Methods Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were conducted on 4267 bp of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to produce a phylogeny of all genera of Sycophaginae. Two relaxed clock methods with or without rate autocorrelation were used for date estimation. Analyses of ancestral area were also conducted to investigate the geographical origin of the Sycophaginae. Results The phylogeny is well resolved and supported. Our data suggest a post- Gondwanan origin for the Sycophaginae (50–40 Ma) and two independent outof- Australia dispersal events to continental Asia. Given palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographic records, the following scenario appears the most likely. The ancestor of Idarnes+Apocryptophagus migrated to Greater India through the Ninetyeast Ridge (40–30 Ma). The ancestor of Anidarnes+Conidarnes dispersed later via Sundaland (25–20 Ma). Idarnes and Anidarnes subsequently reached the New World via the North Atlantic land bridges during the Late Oligocene Warming Event. Apocryptophagus reached Africa c. 20 Ma via the Arabic corridors and returned to Australasia following the expansion of Sundaland tropical forests (20–10 Ma). Main conclusions Sycophaginae probably invaded the fig microcosm in Australia c. 50–40 Ma after the origin of their host plant. Once associated with figs, they dispersed out of Australia and ...