Kazensko pravo totalitarnih držav v teoriji in praksi

• Main Author: BALAŽIC, MARKO
• Other Authors: Kambič, Marko
• Format: Master Thesis
• Language: Slovenian
• Published: 2017
• Subjects: totalitarizem; kazensko pravo; nacionalsocializem; komunizem; Sovjetska zveza; Nemški rajh; Jugoslavija; totalitarianism; criminal law; national socialism; communism; Soviet Union; German Reich; Yugoslavia; Penal; sami
• Online Access: https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php?id=96193; https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/Dokument.php?id=104840&dn=; https://plus.si.cobiss.net/opac7/bib/15796561?lang=sl

Cilj tega magistrskega dela je opredeliti kazensko pravo totalitarnih držav na zgodovinskih manifestacijah totalitarizma: Zveza sovjetskih socialističnih republik, s poudarkom na stalinizmu, Nemški rajh in Federativna ljudska republika Jugoslavija v obdobju 1945-1950, te kazenskopravne sisteme podrobneje analizirati, poiskati razlike in podobnosti ter ob tem ugotoviti tudi vpliv politične usmeritve na oblikovanje prava. Pravna področja, ki jih to delo zajema, so materialno in procesno kazensko pravo, področje sodstva, delovanja tajne policije ter izvenpravni ukrepi. Le-ta so opisana tako na podlagi formalnih pravnih virov, pravne teorije, ki je stala za njimi, kot tudi z vidika njihovega izvrševanja v praksi. V totalitarizmu postane (kazensko) pravo orodje v rokah totalitarne oblasti. Razvidna je predvsem odprava temeljnih postulatov in načel pravne države, kot je načelo zakonitosti in s tem tudi načelo določnosti, v kazensko pravo se uvaja pravna in zakonska analogija, uveljavi se veliko število kaznivih dejanj zoper državo in njen politični ustroj. Predvsem v kazenskih postopkih, katerih predmet so politična kazniva dejanja, so jamstva obdolženega zelo zreducirana, režim pa od sodišč pričakuje zgolj potrditev obtožbe. Kazenske sankcije za politične delikte so visoke pogosto je zagrožena in tudi izvršena smrtna kazen. Pri sami uporabi prava je pogostokrat zaznati arbitrarnost. Poleg kazenskopravnih sredstev obstajajo še represivni ukrepi tajnih policij, ki so povsem izvzeti iz zakona. Ne glede na politično usmeritev sistema so koncepti in pravna načela, na katerih je bilo totalitarno kazensko pravo izoblikovano, identični, seveda s svojo vsebinsko ideološko obarvanostjo. Aims of this master thesis are to define criminal law of totalitarian states, namely on a basis of historic manifestations of totalitarianism: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, during the period of Stalinism, German Reich and Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia during the period of 1945-1950, to give a detailed analysis of the penal systems of the mentioned states, to find differences and similarities and to determine whether a pattern exists. Areas of law that are hereby covered consist of substantive and procedural criminal law, jurisprudence, functioning of secret police and extra-judicial measures, which are thoroughly examined in theory, as adopted legislation and as well as their application in practice. It is typical for totalitarianism that (criminal) law becomes just another tool of political regimes. Particularly evident is the erosion of basic postulates and principles of rule of law, such as the legality principle and lex certa. Legal and statutory analogy are introduced to substantive criminal law, as well as a high number of offenses against the State and its political structure. Main characteristic in political cases is a serious reduction of defendant’s legal guarantees, whereby the courts are expected only to confirm the charges. Penal sanctions for political offenses are rigorous – capital punishment is often prescribed and carried out. Arbitrariness in the use of law is common. There also exist repressive measures of the secret police which are explicitly outside the law. Concepts and principles of law on which the totalitarian criminal law stands upon are identical, regardless of the regime’s political orientation, in respect to its own ideology.