Učenje z raziskovanjem pri predmetu naravoslovje in tehnika v 4. razredu osnovne šole: učna tema snovi - Janjac, Ana (2017)
Že od malih nog raziskujemo snovi, ki so povsod okoli nas, a nekatere poznamo bolj, druge manj. Razvoj znanosti je pripeljal do novih snovi, s katerimi učenci nimajo toliko izkušenj, npr. hidrogeli in nenewtonske tekočine. Lastnosti snovi se kot učna tema pojavijo že v 1. triletju devetletne osnovne šole. Učenci spoznavajo plovnost, trdoto, agregatna stanja in vplive na spreminjanje lastnosti snovi. Vzporedno z lastnostmi snovi spoznavajo tudi različne snovi, in sicer les, plastiko, plastelin, kovine itd. V 4. razredu obravnavajo še druge lastnosti snovi: prepustnost, gnetljivost, stisljivost in cepljivost. Gostota kot lastnost snovi se obravnava že v 4. razredu, v 5. razredu jo učenci spoznajo podrobneje. Raziskave kažejo, da so dosežki učencev pri naravoslovju veliko boljši, kadar učenci preko raziskovanja sami pridejo do novih spoznanj. Učenje z raziskovanjem je poučevalna strategija, ki omogoča izkustveno učenje. Učenci so v neposrednem stiku z različnimi snovmi, pri delu razmišljajo in povezujejo znanja z različnih področij. Z magistrskim delom smo želeli ugotoviti, kako učenje z raziskovanjem vpliva na izboljšanje sposobnosti načrtovanja poskusov, koliko se učenci naučijo o lastnostih snovi ter kako se spremeni njihov situacijski interes pri spoznavanju lastnosti snovi z učenjem z raziskovanjem. Izvedli smo kvalitativno raziskavo, ki je potekala 7 učnih ur. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 12 učencev 4. razreda izbrane osnovne šole. V času učnih ur so učenci spoznavali lastnosti snovi skozi učenje z raziskovanjem. Srečali so se s snovmi, ki jih bolj poznajo (plastelin, steklo, les in plastika), in tudi s snovmi, ki jih manj poznajo, to so hidrogeli in nenewtonske tekočine. Podatke smo pridobili z delovnimi listi za načrtovanje poskusov, preizkusom znanja, vprašalnikom o situacijskem interesu pri naravoslovju in vprašalnikom za evalvacijo učenja z raziskovanjem. Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da se je sposobnost načrtovanja poskusov pri učencih izboljšala, učenci so usvojili nova znanje o lastnostih snovi in o hidrogelih in nenewtonskih tekočinah – ubleku. Omenjeni snovi sta vplivali na zvišanje situacijskega interesa za pouk. Učenci so bili zadovoljni z izvedenim učenjem z raziskovanjem in si želijo še več tovrstnega pouka pri naravoslovju. Izsledki raziskave nakazujejo omejitve raziskave in smernice za nadaljnje delo. Učenci 4. razreda izbrane osnovne šole so napredovali pri načrtovanju poskusov do poskusov povezanih z gostoto, ki je tema v 5. razredu. Učenci niso bili zainteresirani za izpolnjevanje preizkusa znanja, zato velja razmisliti o polstrukturiranem intervjuju kot instrumentu za pridobivanje podatkov. Rezultatov ne moremo posplošiti, ker je bila raziskava izvedena na majhnem vzorcu (12 učencev). Smiselno bi bilo tudi uporabiti učenje z raziskovanjem pri drugih temah pri naravoslovju in tehniki. From a young age, we explore substances which are everywhere around us. However, we know some better than others. The development of science has led us to new substances, with which students do not have many experience, for example, hydrogels and non-Newtonian fluids. Properties of substances appear as a subject matter already in the first third of the nine-year elementary school. Students learn about buoyancy, hardness, states of matter, and influences on the changes of the properties of substances. Simultaneously, with the substances’ properties they also get to know various matter, such as wood, plastic, plasticine, metal, etc. In the fourth grade, they discuss other properties of substances: porousness, plasticity, compressibility, and fissility. Density is discussed as a property of substances already in the fourth grade, but students get to know it more in detail in class five. Research shows that the students’ achievements in science are much better when students come to new conclusions on their own through research. Learning through research is an educational strategy that enables experiential learning. Students are in direct contact with various substances, they think while working, and they connect knowledge from different fields. With this dissertation, we wanted to find out, how experiential learning affects the improvement of abilities to plan experiments, how much students learn about the properties of substances, and how their situational interest for learning about the properties of substances changes with experiential learning. We carried out a quality research, which lasted seven lessons. Twelve students of the fourth grade of the chosen elementary school were included in the research. During the lessons, students got to know the properties of substances through experiential learning. They came into contact with substances that they know better (plasticine, glass, wood, and plastic) and also with substances that they know less, like hydrogen and non-Newtonian liquids. The information was gathered with worksheets for the planning of the experiments, with tests, with a questionnaire about the situational interest in science, and with a questionnaire about the evaluation of learning through research. The results of the research show that the students’ ability to plan the experiments improved. The students acquired new knowledge about the properties of substances and about the hydrogels as well as the non-Newtonian liquids — oobleks. The mentioned substances influenced the increase of the situational interest for the class. The students were pleased with the performed experiential learning and they wanted even more of such lessons in science. The results of the research show the limitations of the research and the guidelines for future work. The students of the fourth class of the chosen elementary school progressed from planning the experiments to experiments connected with density, which is the topic in the fifth class. The students were not interested in writing the test, so it is valid to think about a structured interview as an instrument for gathering data. The results cannot be generalized because the research was carried out on a small sample (twelve students). It would also make sense to use learning with research in other topics in science and craft.