Učinki zdravljenja osteoporoze s spinalnimi ortozami - Logar, Anja (A. Logar, 2020)
Uvod: Človeški skelet ima mnogo pomembnih funkcij: telesu daje oporo, obliko, ga varuje, omogoča mu gibanje. V obdobju rasti je tvorba kosti večja kot razgradnja, v starosti je proces obraten. Kostna masa se veča pred puberteto, nato se manjša, ženske pa imajo nižjo maksimalno kostno maso kot moški. Osteoporoza je sistemska bolezen skeleta in postaja vedno večji javnozdravstveni problem. Bolezen definiramo, ko se kostna masa v neki prostorski enoti zmanjša, ta pa ostane enaka. Kostna masa je za več kot dve standardni deviaciji pod povprečno kostno maso. Dejavniki tveganja za nastanek bolezni so pomanjkanje gibanja, kajenje, alkohol, nekatera zdravila, bolezni, zgodnja menopavza in drugo. Bolezen se deli na primarno in sekundarno. Metode merjenja bolezni so invazivne in neinvazivne. Pogosto se meri mineralna gostota kosti, in sicer v zapestju, kolku, petnici, vretencih in pogačici. Polovica žensk v življenju doživi osteoporozni zlom. Ti se največkrat pojavijo na distalnem delu radiusa, vretencih in kolku. Najpogostejši so zlomi vretenc, najslabšo prognozo pa imajo zlomi kolka. Najpomembnejši člen pri zdravljenju osteoporoze je preventiva. Pomembno je uživanje zadostne količine kalcija, tretja stopnja je zdravljenje z zdravili. Spinalne ortoze omogočajo kakovostnejše življenje z zmanjšano bolečino v hrbtenici in boljšo mišično močjo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je ugotoviti učinke zdravljenja osteoporoze z aplikacijo spinalnih ortoz. Metode dela: Metoda dela je bila sistematičen pregled literature. Pregled s pomočjo sistema Cobiss, Digitalne knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani in Google Učenjaka. Iskanje je potekalo v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Rezultati: Uporabljenih je bilo deset raziskav od leta 2009 do 2019. Po uporabi spinalne ortoze po osteoporoznem zlomu je bilo ugotovljeno izboljšano splošno ravnotežje, manjše število padcev pri vajah analize hoje, povečana mišična moč hrbtnih mišic, abdominalnih mišic in zmanjšana bolečina v hrbtenici. Razprava in zaključek: Pomembna naloga spinalnih ortoz je preprečevanje bolečine v hrbtenici, izboljšanje mišične moči in kakovost življenja pacienta. Največkrat uporabljena je ortoza Spinomed. Pregledanih je bilo le deset študij z majhnimi vzorci preiskovancev. Avtorji so sami izrazili pomisleke nad majhnimi razlikami med spinalnimi ortozami, ki so bile vključene v študije, ali med ortozami in kontrolnimi skupinami, ki ortoz niso uporabljale. Introduction: The human skeleton has many important functions: it supports the body, gives it shape, protects it and facilitates movement. Bone formation is greater in the period of growth and it decelerates with age. Bone mass increases before puberty and declines after it. Females tend to have a lower peak bone mass than males. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease and it is becoming a growing public health problem. It occurs when the bone density deviates more than two standard deviations below the normal mean. Risk factors for osteoporosis are lack of movement, smoking, alcohol consumption, certain medications, diseases, early menopause and others. The disease is divided into primary and secondary osteoporosis. Measurement methods are invasive and non-invasive. It is common to measure the minerals in the bones, namely wrist bones, hipbones, calcaneus, vertebrae, and patella. Half of women experience osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime. These most commonly occur on the distal radius, vertebrae, and hip. The most common are vertebral fractures, although hip fracture poses the worst consequences. The most important part in the treatment of osteoporosis is prevention. It is important to consume a sufficient amount of calcium, but it can also be remedied through drug treatment. Spinal orthoses provide a better quality of life in reducing back pain and improving muscular strength. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to determine effectiveness of treatment of this disease with spinal orthoses. Methods: Systematic review of the literature with the help of Cobiss, Digital Library of the University of Ljubljana and Google Scholar. Researching in Slovenian and English language. Results: Ten studies from 2009 to 2019 were used. Following the use of spinal orthosis after osteoporosis, improvement of general balance was established, as well as fewer falls in walking analysis exercises, increased spinal muscle strength, abdominal muscles, and reduced spinal pain. Discussion and conclusion: An important task of spinal orthoses is to prevent back pain, improve muscle strength and quality of life for the patient. The most commonly used is the Spinomed orthosis. Only ten studies with small samples of subjects were reviewed. Authors themselves expressed concerns over small differences between the control group, which used spinal orthoses and the one that did not.