The contradictions of Greenlandic independence
This article analyzes Greenland’s relations, and specially its capital city Nuuk, with the diverse actors that intervene in its possible independence: indigenous communities, transnational companies, the states and world powers involved, and international organizations. To achieve this, the articl...
| Published in: | SAGE Open |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
| Language: | Spanish |
| Published: |
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
2023
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869 |
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ftuniextcolomojs:oai:revistas.uexternado.edu.co:article/8869 |
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openpolar |
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Open Polar |
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Revistas Universidad Externado de Colombia |
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ftuniextcolomojs |
| language |
Spanish |
| topic |
Greenland Nuuk independence complexity paradiplomacy Groenlandia independencia complejidad paradiplomacia |
| spellingShingle |
Greenland Nuuk independence complexity paradiplomacy Groenlandia independencia complejidad paradiplomacia Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro The contradictions of Greenlandic independence |
| topic_facet |
Greenland Nuuk independence complexity paradiplomacy Groenlandia independencia complejidad paradiplomacia |
| description |
This article analyzes Greenland’s relations, and specially its capital city Nuuk, with the diverse actors that intervene in its possible independence: indigenous communities, transnational companies, the states and world powers involved, and international organizations. To achieve this, the article uses a perspective from complexity theory according to Rosenau, taking the different statements from the variety of mentioned actors, to demonstrate that the road to Greenlandic independence is a very uncertain one. This demonstration will be achieved using a socioeconomic variable and a political one to give proper account of the complexity and contradictions of the independence promoted by Nuuk. En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones de Groenlandia, en especial su capital Nuuk, con los diversos actores que intervienen en su posible independencia, desde comunidades indígenas, pasando por empresas transnacionales, los Estados y las potencias involucrados, hasta organizaciones internacionales. Dichas relaciones se analizan desde la teoría de la complejidad propuesta por Rosenau, tomando las distintas declaraciones de la variedad de actores mencionados, para así demostrar que el camino hacia la independencia groenlandesa es bastante incierto. Esta demostración se hará a partir de dos variables, una socioeconómica y otra política, para dar cuenta de la complejidad y las contradicciones de la independencia promovida desde Nuuk. |
| format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
| author |
Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro |
| author_facet |
Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro |
| author_sort |
Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro |
| title |
The contradictions of Greenlandic independence |
| title_short |
The contradictions of Greenlandic independence |
| title_full |
The contradictions of Greenlandic independence |
| title_fullStr |
The contradictions of Greenlandic independence |
| title_full_unstemmed |
The contradictions of Greenlandic independence |
| title_sort |
contradictions of greenlandic independence |
| publisher |
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| url |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869 |
| long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-52.150,-52.150,68.717,68.717) ENVELOPE(-63.100,-63.100,-64.817,-64.817) |
| geographic |
Greenland Nuuk Independencia |
| geographic_facet |
Greenland Nuuk Independencia |
| genre |
Arctic Greenland greenlandic Groenlandia Nuuk |
| genre_facet |
Arctic Greenland greenlandic Groenlandia Nuuk |
| op_source |
OASIS; No. 38 (2023): Julio-Diciembre; 181-193 Oasis; Núm. 38 (2023): Julio-Diciembre; 181-193 2346-2132 1657-7558 |
| op_relation |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869/14241 AFP (2021). Uranium mining banned in Greenland. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1238626.shtml Andersson, P., Zeuthen, J. W. y Kalvig, P. (2018). Chinese mining in Greenland: Arctic access or access to minerals? Arctic Yearbook, (1), 1-15. Arctic Council (2011). Circumpolar Information Guide on Mining for Indigenous Peoples and Northern Communities. Arctic Council. Arctic Council (2021). Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Arctic Mining: Progress Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. Bennet, M. (2022). The US is using a mine in Greenland to counter China. Cryopolitics. https:// www.cryopolitics.com/2022/06/20/us-mine-greenland-china/ Berry, D. A. (2016). The Monroe Doctrine and the governance of Greenland’s security. En D. A. Berry, N. Bowles y H. Jones (Eds.). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions (pp. 103-121). Springer. Birkhold, M. (2019). Can Greenland win independence by selling melted ice? The world’s biggest island taps a resource it’s always had. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/den¬mark/2019-07-18/can-greenland-win-independence-selling-melted-ice Breum, M. (2019). A rare poll hints at real differences between Danish and Greenlandic thinking on Greenland independence. Arctic Today. https:// www.arctictoday.com/a-rare-poll-hints-at-real-differences-between-danish-and-greenlandic-thinking-on-greenland-independence/ Charron, A. y Fergusson, J. (2020). Canada and defence against help: The wrong theory for the wrong country at the wrong time. En T. Juneau, P. La¬gassé y S. Vucetic (Eds.), Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice (pp. 99-115). Palgrave Macmillan. Conley, H. A. (2019). The Arctic spring: Washington is sleeping through changes at the top of the world. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/commons/2019-09-24/arctic-spring EXIM (2022). The China and transformational exports program. Export Import Bank of the United States. https://www.exim.gov/about/special-initiatives/ ctep Gad, U. P. (2022). Nuuk as a diplomatic scene. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www. diis.dk/en/research/nuuk-as-a-diplomatic-scene Gad, U. P., Graugaard, N. D., Holgersen, A., Jacobsen, M., Lave, N. y Schriver, N. (2021). Imagining China on Greenland’s road to independence. En China’s Arctic Engagement: Following the Polar Silk Road to Greenland and Russa-Selected Articles from the Arctic Yearbook (pp. 136-168). NAADSN. Gravgaard, A. (2013). Greenland’s rare earths gold rush. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/north-america/2013-10-28/greenlands-rare-earths-gold-rush Greenland Minerals Ltd. (2022). Draft Exploitation Licence Decision and White Paper Review. https:// wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/GGG/02545548. pdf Gunter, C. (2015). The case for uranium mining in Greenland. Cornell International Law Journal, 48 (1), 423-450. Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2010). Inuit Arctic Policy. https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.145.201/ hh3.0e7.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/ Inuit-Arctic-Policy.pdf Inuit Circumpolar Council (2013). Global mercury treaty adopted, mentions vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/ press-releases/global-mercury-treaty-adopted-mentions-vulnerability-of-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-communities/ Inuit Circumpolar Council (2016). Creating equitable economic development for inuit. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/creating-equitable-economic-development-for-inuit/ Inuit Circumpolar Council (2017). Circumpolar Inuit forge path towards international business cooperation. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcir-cumpolar.com/press-releases/circumpolar-inuit-forge-path-towards-international-business-cooperation/ Inuit Circumpolar Council (2022). Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic Sovereignty. https://www. inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/circumpolar-inuit-declaration-on-arctic-sovereignty/ Jacobsen, M. y Gad, U. P. (2017). Setting the scene in Nuuk: introducing the cast of characters in Greenlandic foreign policy narratives. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low (pp. 11-27). Routledge. Kang, D. (2022). Rare earths processor buys rights to mine in Greenland. AP News. https://apnews.com/ article/technology-canada-china-ffff79415fd7b-c13e02cf2348d86e689 Kingdom of Denmark (2009). Act on Greenland Self-Government. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/ natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110442/137381 /F-520745313/DNK110442%20Eng.pdf Liu, T. y Song, Y. (2020). Chinese paradiplomacy: A theoretical review. SAGE Open, 10 (1). https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244019899048 McGwin, K. (2022). Greenland wants a Nato envoy of its own. Polar Journal. https://polarjournal.ch/ en/2022/08/26/greenland-wants-a-nato-envoy-of-its-own/ NATO (2020). NATO begins cooperation with Danish Joint Arctic Command in Greenland. News. https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2020/ nato-begins-cooperation-with-danish-joint-arctic-command-in-greenland Neo Materials (2022). Hudson Resources and Neo Performance Materials Sign Agreement on the Sarfartoq Rare Earth Element Project In Greenland. https://www.neomaterials.com/hudson-resources-and-neo-performance-materials-sign-agreement-on-the-sarfartoq-rare-earth-element-project-in-greenland/ Olesen, M. R. (2017). Lightning rod: US, Greenlandic and Danish relations in the shadow of postcolonial reputations. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low Politics (pp. 70-82). Routledge. Orano (2021). Government of Greenland awards two exploration permits to Orano. https://www.orano.group/en/news/news-group/2021/february/ government-of-greenland-awards-two-explora¬tion-permits-to-orano Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. The Scarecrow Press Inc. Schiavon, J. (2010). La diplomacia local de los gobiernos estatales en México (2000-2010). CIDE, 201 (1), 1-37. Steinberg, P., Tasch, J. y Gerhardt, H. (2015). Contesting the Arctic: Politics and Imaginaries in the Circumpolar North. I.B. Tauris. Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press. The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (2018). China’s Arctic Policy. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_pa-per/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336. htm US Department of State (2022). Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. y Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Rand MacNally & Company. https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869 |
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Derechos de autor 2023 Alejandro Bohórquez-Keeney http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 |
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https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899048 |
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SAGE Open |
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ftuniextcolomojs:oai:revistas.uexternado.edu.co:article/8869 2023-07-23T04:16:19+02:00 The contradictions of Greenlandic independence Las contradicciones de la independencia groenlandesa Bohórquez-Keeney, Alejandro 2023-06-29 application/pdf https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869 spa spa Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869/14241 AFP (2021). Uranium mining banned in Greenland. Global Times. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202111/1238626.shtml Andersson, P., Zeuthen, J. W. y Kalvig, P. (2018). Chinese mining in Greenland: Arctic access or access to minerals? Arctic Yearbook, (1), 1-15. Arctic Council (2011). Circumpolar Information Guide on Mining for Indigenous Peoples and Northern Communities. Arctic Council. Arctic Council (2021). Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Arctic Mining: Progress Report. Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna. Bennet, M. (2022). The US is using a mine in Greenland to counter China. Cryopolitics. https:// www.cryopolitics.com/2022/06/20/us-mine-greenland-china/ Berry, D. A. (2016). The Monroe Doctrine and the governance of Greenland’s security. En D. A. Berry, N. Bowles y H. Jones (Eds.). Governing the North American Arctic: Sovereignty, Security, and Institutions (pp. 103-121). Springer. Birkhold, M. (2019). Can Greenland win independence by selling melted ice? The world’s biggest island taps a resource it’s always had. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/den¬mark/2019-07-18/can-greenland-win-independence-selling-melted-ice Breum, M. (2019). A rare poll hints at real differences between Danish and Greenlandic thinking on Greenland independence. Arctic Today. https:// www.arctictoday.com/a-rare-poll-hints-at-real-differences-between-danish-and-greenlandic-thinking-on-greenland-independence/ Charron, A. y Fergusson, J. (2020). Canada and defence against help: The wrong theory for the wrong country at the wrong time. En T. Juneau, P. La¬gassé y S. Vucetic (Eds.), Canadian Defence Policy in Theory and Practice (pp. 99-115). Palgrave Macmillan. Conley, H. A. (2019). The Arctic spring: Washington is sleeping through changes at the top of the world. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/commons/2019-09-24/arctic-spring EXIM (2022). The China and transformational exports program. Export Import Bank of the United States. https://www.exim.gov/about/special-initiatives/ ctep Gad, U. P. (2022). Nuuk as a diplomatic scene. Danish Institute for International Studies. https://www. diis.dk/en/research/nuuk-as-a-diplomatic-scene Gad, U. P., Graugaard, N. D., Holgersen, A., Jacobsen, M., Lave, N. y Schriver, N. (2021). Imagining China on Greenland’s road to independence. En China’s Arctic Engagement: Following the Polar Silk Road to Greenland and Russa-Selected Articles from the Arctic Yearbook (pp. 136-168). NAADSN. Gravgaard, A. (2013). Greenland’s rare earths gold rush. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ articles/north-america/2013-10-28/greenlands-rare-earths-gold-rush Greenland Minerals Ltd. (2022). Draft Exploitation Licence Decision and White Paper Review. https:// wcsecure.weblink.com.au/pdf/GGG/02545548. pdf Gunter, C. (2015). The case for uranium mining in Greenland. Cornell International Law Journal, 48 (1), 423-450. Inuit Circumpolar Council. (2010). Inuit Arctic Policy. https://secureservercdn.net/45.40.145.201/ hh3.0e7.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/ Inuit-Arctic-Policy.pdf Inuit Circumpolar Council (2013). Global mercury treaty adopted, mentions vulnerability of Arctic ecosystems and indigenous communities. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/ press-releases/global-mercury-treaty-adopted-mentions-vulnerability-of-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-communities/ Inuit Circumpolar Council (2016). Creating equitable economic development for inuit. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcircumpolar.com/press-releases/creating-equitable-economic-development-for-inuit/ Inuit Circumpolar Council (2017). Circumpolar Inuit forge path towards international business cooperation. Press Releases. https://www.inuitcir-cumpolar.com/press-releases/circumpolar-inuit-forge-path-towards-international-business-cooperation/ Inuit Circumpolar Council (2022). Circumpolar Inuit Declaration on Arctic Sovereignty. https://www. inuitcircumpolar.com/icc-international/circumpolar-inuit-declaration-on-arctic-sovereignty/ Jacobsen, M. y Gad, U. P. (2017). Setting the scene in Nuuk: introducing the cast of characters in Greenlandic foreign policy narratives. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low (pp. 11-27). Routledge. Kang, D. (2022). Rare earths processor buys rights to mine in Greenland. AP News. https://apnews.com/ article/technology-canada-china-ffff79415fd7b-c13e02cf2348d86e689 Kingdom of Denmark (2009). Act on Greenland Self-Government. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/ natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/110442/137381 /F-520745313/DNK110442%20Eng.pdf Liu, T. y Song, Y. (2020). Chinese paradiplomacy: A theoretical review. SAGE Open, 10 (1). https://doi. org/10.1177/2158244019899048 McGwin, K. (2022). Greenland wants a Nato envoy of its own. Polar Journal. https://polarjournal.ch/ en/2022/08/26/greenland-wants-a-nato-envoy-of-its-own/ NATO (2020). NATO begins cooperation with Danish Joint Arctic Command in Greenland. News. https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2020/ nato-begins-cooperation-with-danish-joint-arctic-command-in-greenland Neo Materials (2022). Hudson Resources and Neo Performance Materials Sign Agreement on the Sarfartoq Rare Earth Element Project In Greenland. https://www.neomaterials.com/hudson-resources-and-neo-performance-materials-sign-agreement-on-the-sarfartoq-rare-earth-element-project-in-greenland/ Olesen, M. R. (2017). Lightning rod: US, Greenlandic and Danish relations in the shadow of postcolonial reputations. En K. S. Kristensen y J. Rahbek-Clemmensen (Eds.), Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low Politics (pp. 70-82). Routledge. Orano (2021). Government of Greenland awards two exploration permits to Orano. https://www.orano.group/en/news/news-group/2021/february/ government-of-greenland-awards-two-explora¬tion-permits-to-orano Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. The Scarecrow Press Inc. Schiavon, J. (2010). La diplomacia local de los gobiernos estatales en México (2000-2010). CIDE, 201 (1), 1-37. Steinberg, P., Tasch, J. y Gerhardt, H. (2015). Contesting the Arctic: Politics and Imaginaries in the Circumpolar North. I.B. Tauris. Rosenau, J. N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton University Press. The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China (2018). China’s Arctic Policy. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_pa-per/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336. htm US Department of State (2022). Joint Statement on Arctic Council Cooperation Following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-arctic-council-cooperation-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/ Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D. y Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. Rand MacNally & Company. https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/8869 Derechos de autor 2023 Alejandro Bohórquez-Keeney http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0 OASIS; No. 38 (2023): Julio-Diciembre; 181-193 Oasis; Núm. 38 (2023): Julio-Diciembre; 181-193 2346-2132 1657-7558 Greenland Nuuk independence complexity paradiplomacy Groenlandia independencia complejidad paradiplomacia info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2023 ftuniextcolomojs https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899048 2023-07-02T18:20:59Z This article analyzes Greenland’s relations, and specially its capital city Nuuk, with the diverse actors that intervene in its possible independence: indigenous communities, transnational companies, the states and world powers involved, and international organizations. To achieve this, the article uses a perspective from complexity theory according to Rosenau, taking the different statements from the variety of mentioned actors, to demonstrate that the road to Greenlandic independence is a very uncertain one. This demonstration will be achieved using a socioeconomic variable and a political one to give proper account of the complexity and contradictions of the independence promoted by Nuuk. En el presente artículo se analizan las relaciones de Groenlandia, en especial su capital Nuuk, con los diversos actores que intervienen en su posible independencia, desde comunidades indígenas, pasando por empresas transnacionales, los Estados y las potencias involucrados, hasta organizaciones internacionales. Dichas relaciones se analizan desde la teoría de la complejidad propuesta por Rosenau, tomando las distintas declaraciones de la variedad de actores mencionados, para así demostrar que el camino hacia la independencia groenlandesa es bastante incierto. Esta demostración se hará a partir de dos variables, una socioeconómica y otra política, para dar cuenta de la complejidad y las contradicciones de la independencia promovida desde Nuuk. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Greenland greenlandic Groenlandia Nuuk Revistas Universidad Externado de Colombia Greenland Nuuk ENVELOPE(-52.150,-52.150,68.717,68.717) Independencia ENVELOPE(-63.100,-63.100,-64.817,-64.817) SAGE Open 10 1 215824401989904 |