The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world

This paper presents an updated overview of the world’s biogeographical realms and regions in the terrestrial domain. It incorporates new data on floristic and vegetation aspects, along with recent regional information, which has emerged in the decades following the influential maps created by A.Takh...

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Main Authors: Loidi, Javier, Vynokurov, Denys
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:English
Published: Ediciones Complutense 2024
Subjects:
areal type
chorology
chorionomy
chronoelement
coenoelement
floristic element
geoelement
phytogeography
provincialism
Arctic
Online Access:https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333
id ftunicmadridrev:oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/92333
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM): Revistas Científicas Complutenses
op_collection_id ftunicmadridrev
language English
topic areal type
chorology
chorionomy
chronoelement
coenoelement
floristic element
geoelement
phytogeography
provincialism
spellingShingle areal type
chorology
chorionomy
chronoelement
coenoelement
floristic element
geoelement
phytogeography
provincialism
Loidi, Javier
Vynokurov, Denys
The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
topic_facet areal type
chorology
chorionomy
chronoelement
coenoelement
floristic element
geoelement
phytogeography
provincialism
description This paper presents an updated overview of the world’s biogeographical realms and regions in the terrestrial domain. It incorporates new data on floristic and vegetation aspects, along with recent regional information, which has emerged in the decades following the influential maps created by A.Takhtajan and R.Good. We elucidate the various biogeographic scales, ranging from kingdoms to districts, and outline the specific criteria that define them. We delve into the criteria used for characterizing the kingdoms and regions, with a particular focus on their floristic content, evolutionary background, and vegetation patterns, expressed through biomes and subbiomes. Additionally, we discuss the climatic conditions and their variability within and between these units. Our study identifies six kingdoms and 42 regions that are recognized for the entire planet and provides a concise summary for each of them.
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Loidi, Javier
Vynokurov, Denys
author_facet Loidi, Javier
Vynokurov, Denys
author_sort Loidi, Javier
title The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
title_short The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
title_full The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
title_fullStr The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
title_full_unstemmed The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
title_sort biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world
publisher Ediciones Complutense
publishDate 2024
url https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333
genre Arctic
genre_facet Arctic
op_source Mediterranean Botany; Vol. 45 No. 2 (2024); e92333
Mediterranean Botany; Vol. 45 Núm. 2 (2024); e92333
2603-9109
op_relation https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333/4564456569264
https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333/4564456569161
Abbot, R.J. & Bronchmann, C. 2003. History and evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric Hultén. Mol. Ecol. 12: 299–313. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01731.x.
Alcaraz, F. 1996. Fitosociología integrada, paisaje y biogeografía. In: Loidi, J. (Ed.). Avances en Fitosociología. Pp. 59–94. Ed. UPV/EHU.
Amigo, J. & Rodríguez-Guitián, M.A. 2015. Syntaxonomical review of sub-Antarctic orotemperate forests (Adenocaulo chilensis-Nothofagetalia pumilionis) in the Valdivian biogeographic province. International Journal of Geobotanical Research 5: 13–35. doi:10.5616/ijgr 150002
Anonymous. 1948–1953. Flore du Congo belge et du Rwanda-Urundi. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Bruxelles.
Asefa, M., Cao, M., Yun Yun, H., Mekkonen, E., Song, X. & Jie, Y. 2020. Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography. Plant Diversity 42(4): 302–311. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.04.004
Axelrod, D.I. 1957. Late Tertiay floras and the Sierra Nevada uplift. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 66: 19-46.
Baker, P.E. 1973. Islands of the South Atlantic. In: Nairn, E.M. & Stehli, E.M. (Eds.). The Ocean Basins and Margins, vol. 1, The South Atlantic. Pp. 493–553. Plenum Press, New York.
Barbour, M.J. 1988. Californian upland forests and woodlands. In: Barbour, M.J. & Billings, W.D. (Eds.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Pp: 131–164. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Basha, S.K.C. 2018. An overview on global mangroves distribution. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences 47(4): 766–772.
Beadle, N.C.W. 1981. The vegetation of Australia. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart.
Beard, J.S. 1969. Endemism in the Western Australian flora at the spacies level. J. Roy. Soc. West. Austral. 52: 18–20.
Beard, J.S. 1975. The vegetation survey of Western Australia. Vegetatio 30: 179–187.
Beard, J.S. 1990. Plant life of Western Australia. Kangaroo Press.
Beard, J.S., Chapman, A.R. & Gioia, P. 2000. Species richness and endemism in Western Australian flora. J. Biogeogr. 27: 1257–1268.
Benton, M.J., Wilf, P. & Sauquet, H. 2021. The Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution and the origins of modern biodiversity. New Phytol. 233: 2017–2035. doi:10.1111/nph.17822
Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. 1995–1997. Flora of the Venezualen Guayana. 9 vols. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Born, J., Linder, H.P. & Desmet, P. 2007. The greater Cape floristic region. J. Biogeogr. 34: 147–162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01595.x
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1922. L’origine et le dévelopement des flores dans le Massif central de France avec aperçu sur les migrations des Flores dans l’Europe sudoccidentale. Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 68: 113–143.
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1979. Fitosociología. Bases para el estudio de las comunidades vegetales. Ed. H. Blume, Madrid. 820 p.
Bredenkamp, C.L. 2019. A flora of the Eastern Cape province. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Brown, J.H. & Lomolino, M.V. 1998. Biogeography. 2nd Ed. Sinauer Ass. Publ., Sunderland. 691 p.
Burbidge, N.T. 1960. The phytogeography of the Australian región. Aust. J. Bot. 8: 75–211.
Cabrera, A.L. 1971. Fitogeografía de la República Argentina. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 14(1/2): 1–42.
Candolle, A. P. de 1820. Géographie Botanique. Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles XVIII, 359–422.
Candolle, A. de 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonnée. 2 Vols. Ed. Masson. Paris.
Cantrill, D.J. & Poole, I. 2012. The vegetation of Antartcica through geological time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 480 p.
Capelo, J, Aguiar, C. & Mesquita, S. 2021. Sinopse da biogeografía de Portugal. In: Capelo J, & Aguiar et al. (Eds.) A vegetação de Portugal. Pp. 27–32. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisboa.
Capelo, J., Sequeira, M., Jardim, R., Mesquita, S. & Costa, J.C. 2005. The vegetation of Madeira Island (Portugal). A brief overview and excursion guide. Quercetea 7: 95–122.
Chew, W.-L. 1975. The phanerogamic flora of the New Hebrides and its relationships. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B272: 315–328.
Ching, K.K. 1991. Temperate deciduous forests in East Asia. In: Röhrig, E. & Ulrich, B. (Eds.). Temperate deciduous forests. Pp. 539–555. Ecosystems of the World 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Christ, H. 1867. Ueber die Verbreitung der Pflanzen der alpinen Region der europäischen Alpenkette. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, vol. 22, no. 7.
Christensen, N.L. 1988. Vegetation of the southeastern Coastal Plain. In: Barbour, M.J. & Billings, W.D. (Eds.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Pp. 217–363. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Costa, M. 2004. Biogeografía. In: Izco, J. (Ed.). Botánica, 2nd ed. Pp. 683–742. McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Madrid.
Cox, C.B. 2001. The biogeographic regions reconsidered. J. Biogeogr. 28: 511–523.
Cox, C.B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R.J. 2016. Biogeography. An ecological and evolutionary approach, 9th edition. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford.
Creber, G.T. 1990. The south Polar forest ecosystem. In: Taylor, E.N. & Taylor, E.L. (Eds.). Anctartic paleobiology. Its role in the reconstruction of Gondwana. Pp. 37–41. Springer Verlag.
Cronk, Q.C.B. 1987. The history of endemic flora of St Helena: a relictual series. New Phytol. 195: 509–520.
Del Arco Aguilar, M. & Rodríguez Delgado, O. 2018. Vegetation of the Canary Islands. In: Werger, M. (Ed.). Plant and Vegetation 16. Springer, Cham. 429 p. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4
Denk, T., Grimsson, F., Zetter, R. & Simonarsson, L.A. 2011. Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland. Springer,Cham.
Diels, L. 1908. Pflanzengeographie. Göschen’sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig.
Djamali, M., Brewer, S., Breckle, S.W. & Jackson, S.T. 2012. Climatic determinism in phytogeographic regionalization: A test from the Irano-Turanian region, SW and Central Asia. Flora 207: 237–249.
Drude, O. 1884. Die Florenreiche der Erde: Darstellung der gegenwärtigen Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Pflanzen: Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Erdkunde. Ergänzungsheft Nº 74, Petermanns Mitteilungen, Gotha, Justus Perthes.
Ebach, M.C. 2012. A history of biogeographical regionlisation in Australia. Zootaxa 3392: 1–34. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3392.1.1
Ebach, M.C. & Goujet, D.F. 2006. The first biogeographical map. J. Biogeogr. 33: 761–769. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01477.x
Edwards, I.D., Payton, R.W., Proctor, J. & Riswan, R. 1990 Altitudinal zonation of the rain forests in the Manusela National Park, Seram, Maluku, Indonesia. In: Baas, P., Kalkmaan, K., Geesink, R. (Eds.). The plant diversity of Malesia. Pp. 161–175. Kluwer.
Elias, R.B., Gil, A., Silva, L., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Azevedo, E.B. & Reis, F. 2016. Natural zonal vegetation of the Azores Islands: characterization and potential distribution. Phytocoenologia 46(2): 107– 123. doi:10.1127/phyto/2016/0132
Engler, A. 1879. Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt, insbesondere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiärperiode. Vol 1. Die Extratropischen Gebiete der Nördlichen Hemisphäre. Verlag von W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
Engler, A. 1882. Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt, insbesondere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiärperiode. Vol. 2. Die Extratropischen Gebiete der Südlichen Hemisphäre und die Tropischen Gebiete.Verlag von W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
Engler, A. 1899. Die Entwicklung der Pflanzengeographie in den letzten hundert Jahren. In Wissensch. Beiträge zum Gedächtnis der hundertsten Wiederkehr des Antritts von A. von Humboldt’s Reise nach Amerika.Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Berlin.
op_rights Derechos de autor 2024 Mediterranean Botany
op_doi https://doi.org/10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3392.1.110.2307/100565410.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02458.x10.15517/rbt.v62i1.1138810.1007/978-3-7091-3972-1_410.1007/978-90-48110.1071/SB1404210.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00990.x10.2307/121955710.1080/0028825X.1964.1042874810.100
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spelling ftunicmadridrev:oai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/92333 2024-06-23T07:48:49+00:00 The biogeographical kingdoms and regions of the world Loidi, Javier Vynokurov, Denys 2024-05-20 application/pdf application/zip https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333 eng eng Ediciones Complutense https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333/4564456569264 https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MBOT/article/view/92333/4564456569161 Abbot, R.J. & Bronchmann, C. 2003. History and evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric Hultén. Mol. Ecol. 12: 299–313. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01731.x. Alcaraz, F. 1996. Fitosociología integrada, paisaje y biogeografía. In: Loidi, J. (Ed.). Avances en Fitosociología. Pp. 59–94. Ed. UPV/EHU. Amigo, J. & Rodríguez-Guitián, M.A. 2015. Syntaxonomical review of sub-Antarctic orotemperate forests (Adenocaulo chilensis-Nothofagetalia pumilionis) in the Valdivian biogeographic province. International Journal of Geobotanical Research 5: 13–35. doi:10.5616/ijgr 150002 Anonymous. 1948–1953. Flore du Congo belge et du Rwanda-Urundi. Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Bruxelles. Asefa, M., Cao, M., Yun Yun, H., Mekkonen, E., Song, X. & Jie, Y. 2020. Ethiopian vegetation types, climate and topography. Plant Diversity 42(4): 302–311. doi:10.1016/j.pld.2020.04.004 Axelrod, D.I. 1957. Late Tertiay floras and the Sierra Nevada uplift. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 66: 19-46. Baker, P.E. 1973. Islands of the South Atlantic. In: Nairn, E.M. & Stehli, E.M. (Eds.). The Ocean Basins and Margins, vol. 1, The South Atlantic. Pp. 493–553. Plenum Press, New York. Barbour, M.J. 1988. Californian upland forests and woodlands. In: Barbour, M.J. & Billings, W.D. (Eds.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Pp: 131–164. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Basha, S.K.C. 2018. An overview on global mangroves distribution. Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences 47(4): 766–772. Beadle, N.C.W. 1981. The vegetation of Australia. Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart. Beard, J.S. 1969. Endemism in the Western Australian flora at the spacies level. J. Roy. Soc. West. Austral. 52: 18–20. Beard, J.S. 1975. The vegetation survey of Western Australia. Vegetatio 30: 179–187. Beard, J.S. 1990. Plant life of Western Australia. Kangaroo Press. Beard, J.S., Chapman, A.R. & Gioia, P. 2000. Species richness and endemism in Western Australian flora. J. Biogeogr. 27: 1257–1268. Benton, M.J., Wilf, P. & Sauquet, H. 2021. The Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution and the origins of modern biodiversity. New Phytol. 233: 2017–2035. doi:10.1111/nph.17822 Berry, P.E., Yatskievych, K. & Holst, B.K. 1995–1997. Flora of the Venezualen Guayana. 9 vols. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Born, J., Linder, H.P. & Desmet, P. 2007. The greater Cape floristic region. J. Biogeogr. 34: 147–162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01595.x Braun-Blanquet, J. 1922. L’origine et le dévelopement des flores dans le Massif central de France avec aperçu sur les migrations des Flores dans l’Europe sudoccidentale. Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon 68: 113–143. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1979. Fitosociología. Bases para el estudio de las comunidades vegetales. Ed. H. Blume, Madrid. 820 p. Bredenkamp, C.L. 2019. A flora of the Eastern Cape province. South African National Biodiversity Institute. Brown, J.H. & Lomolino, M.V. 1998. Biogeography. 2nd Ed. Sinauer Ass. Publ., Sunderland. 691 p. Burbidge, N.T. 1960. The phytogeography of the Australian región. Aust. J. Bot. 8: 75–211. Cabrera, A.L. 1971. Fitogeografía de la República Argentina. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 14(1/2): 1–42. Candolle, A. P. de 1820. Géographie Botanique. Dictionnaire des sciences naturelles XVIII, 359–422. Candolle, A. de 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonnée. 2 Vols. Ed. Masson. Paris. Cantrill, D.J. & Poole, I. 2012. The vegetation of Antartcica through geological time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 480 p. Capelo, J, Aguiar, C. & Mesquita, S. 2021. Sinopse da biogeografía de Portugal. In: Capelo J, & Aguiar et al. (Eds.) A vegetação de Portugal. Pp. 27–32. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisboa. Capelo, J., Sequeira, M., Jardim, R., Mesquita, S. & Costa, J.C. 2005. The vegetation of Madeira Island (Portugal). A brief overview and excursion guide. Quercetea 7: 95–122. Chew, W.-L. 1975. The phanerogamic flora of the New Hebrides and its relationships. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B272: 315–328. Ching, K.K. 1991. Temperate deciduous forests in East Asia. In: Röhrig, E. & Ulrich, B. (Eds.). Temperate deciduous forests. Pp. 539–555. Ecosystems of the World 7. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Christ, H. 1867. Ueber die Verbreitung der Pflanzen der alpinen Region der europäischen Alpenkette. Schweizerische Gesellschaft für die gesammten Naturwissenschaften, vol. 22, no. 7. Christensen, N.L. 1988. Vegetation of the southeastern Coastal Plain. In: Barbour, M.J. & Billings, W.D. (Eds.). North American Terrestrial Vegetation. Pp. 217–363. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Costa, M. 2004. Biogeografía. In: Izco, J. (Ed.). Botánica, 2nd ed. Pp. 683–742. McGraw-Hill Interamericana, Madrid. Cox, C.B. 2001. The biogeographic regions reconsidered. J. Biogeogr. 28: 511–523. Cox, C.B., Moore, P.D. & Ladle, R.J. 2016. Biogeography. An ecological and evolutionary approach, 9th edition. Wiley Blackwell, Oxford. Creber, G.T. 1990. The south Polar forest ecosystem. In: Taylor, E.N. & Taylor, E.L. (Eds.). Anctartic paleobiology. Its role in the reconstruction of Gondwana. Pp. 37–41. Springer Verlag. Cronk, Q.C.B. 1987. The history of endemic flora of St Helena: a relictual series. New Phytol. 195: 509–520. Del Arco Aguilar, M. & Rodríguez Delgado, O. 2018. Vegetation of the Canary Islands. In: Werger, M. (Ed.). Plant and Vegetation 16. Springer, Cham. 429 p. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-77255-4 Denk, T., Grimsson, F., Zetter, R. & Simonarsson, L.A. 2011. Late Cainozoic Floras of Iceland. Springer,Cham. Diels, L. 1908. Pflanzengeographie. Göschen’sche Verlagshandlung, Leipzig. Djamali, M., Brewer, S., Breckle, S.W. & Jackson, S.T. 2012. Climatic determinism in phytogeographic regionalization: A test from the Irano-Turanian region, SW and Central Asia. Flora 207: 237–249. Drude, O. 1884. Die Florenreiche der Erde: Darstellung der gegenwärtigen Verbreitungsverhältnisse der Pflanzen: Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Erdkunde. Ergänzungsheft Nº 74, Petermanns Mitteilungen, Gotha, Justus Perthes. Ebach, M.C. 2012. A history of biogeographical regionlisation in Australia. Zootaxa 3392: 1–34. doi:10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3392.1.1 Ebach, M.C. & Goujet, D.F. 2006. The first biogeographical map. J. Biogeogr. 33: 761–769. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01477.x Edwards, I.D., Payton, R.W., Proctor, J. & Riswan, R. 1990 Altitudinal zonation of the rain forests in the Manusela National Park, Seram, Maluku, Indonesia. In: Baas, P., Kalkmaan, K., Geesink, R. (Eds.). The plant diversity of Malesia. Pp. 161–175. Kluwer. Elias, R.B., Gil, A., Silva, L., Fernández-Palacios, J.M., Azevedo, E.B. & Reis, F. 2016. Natural zonal vegetation of the Azores Islands: characterization and potential distribution. Phytocoenologia 46(2): 107– 123. doi:10.1127/phyto/2016/0132 Engler, A. 1879. Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt, insbesondere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiärperiode. Vol 1. Die Extratropischen Gebiete der Nördlichen Hemisphäre. Verlag von W. Engelmann, Leipzig. Engler, A. 1882. Versuch einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pflanzenwelt, insbesondere der Florengebiete seit der Tertiärperiode. Vol. 2. Die Extratropischen Gebiete der Südlichen Hemisphäre und die Tropischen Gebiete.Verlag von W. Engelmann, Leipzig. Engler, A. 1899. Die Entwicklung der Pflanzengeographie in den letzten hundert Jahren. In Wissensch. Beiträge zum Gedächtnis der hundertsten Wiederkehr des Antritts von A. von Humboldt’s Reise nach Amerika.Gesellschaft für Erdkunde, Berlin. Derechos de autor 2024 Mediterranean Botany Mediterranean Botany; Vol. 45 No. 2 (2024); e92333 Mediterranean Botany; Vol. 45 Núm. 2 (2024); e92333 2603-9109 areal type chorology chorionomy chronoelement coenoelement floristic element geoelement phytogeography provincialism info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2024 ftunicmadridrev https://doi.org/10.11646/ZOOTAXA.3392.1.110.2307/100565410.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02458.x10.15517/rbt.v62i1.1138810.1007/978-3-7091-3972-1_410.1007/978-90-48110.1071/SB1404210.1046/j.0305-0270.2003.00990.x10.2307/121955710.1080/0028825X.1964.1042874810.100 2024-05-27T23:51:42Z This paper presents an updated overview of the world’s biogeographical realms and regions in the terrestrial domain. It incorporates new data on floristic and vegetation aspects, along with recent regional information, which has emerged in the decades following the influential maps created by A.Takhtajan and R.Good. We elucidate the various biogeographic scales, ranging from kingdoms to districts, and outline the specific criteria that define them. We delve into the criteria used for characterizing the kingdoms and regions, with a particular focus on their floristic content, evolutionary background, and vegetation patterns, expressed through biomes and subbiomes. Additionally, we discuss the climatic conditions and their variability within and between these units. Our study identifies six kingdoms and 42 regions that are recognized for the entire planet and provides a concise summary for each of them. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM): Revistas Científicas Complutenses

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