Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature?
Long and deep dives in marine mammals are enabled by high mass- specific oxygen stores and the dive response, which reduces oxygen consumption in concert with increased peripheral vasoconstriction and a lowered heart rate during dives. Diving heart rates of pinnipeds are highly variable and modulate...
Published in: | Journal of Experimental Biology |
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Language: | English |
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2018
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Online Access: | https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/drivers-of-the-dive-response-in-pinnipeds-apnea-submergence-or-temperature(e5c61777-b1fb-40ec-b510-cdfb3aa2e6c4).html https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/167182376/jeb176545.full.pdf |
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ftuniaarhuspubl:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/e5c61777-b1fb-40ec-b510-cdfb3aa2e6c4 2023-05-15T16:33:10+02:00 Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? Kaczmarek, Jeppe Reichmuth, Colleen McDonald, Birgitte Kristensen, Jakob H. Larson, Josefin Johansson, Fredrik Sullivan, Jenna L. Madsen, Peter T. 2018-07 application/pdf https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/drivers-of-the-dive-response-in-pinnipeds-apnea-submergence-or-temperature(e5c61777-b1fb-40ec-b510-cdfb3aa2e6c4).html https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/167182376/jeb176545.full.pdf eng eng info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Kaczmarek , J , Reichmuth , C , McDonald , B , Kristensen , J H , Larson , J , Johansson , F , Sullivan , J L & Madsen , P T 2018 , ' Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? ' , Journal of Experimental Biology , vol. 221 , no. 13 . https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 Bradycardia Breath hold Facial receptors Heart rate Harbor seal California sea lion HUMAN DIVING BRADYCARDIA HEART-RATE SEA LIONS EXTREME BRADYCARDIA TERRESTRIAL APNEAS MARINE MAMMALS CARDIAC-OUTPUT WEDDELL SEALS HARBOR SEALS PATTERNS article 2018 ftuniaarhuspubl https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 2023-01-18T23:55:35Z Long and deep dives in marine mammals are enabled by high mass- specific oxygen stores and the dive response, which reduces oxygen consumption in concert with increased peripheral vasoconstriction and a lowered heart rate during dives. Diving heart rates of pinnipeds are highly variable and modulated by many factors, such as breath holding (apnea), pressure, swimming activity, temperature and even cognitive control. However, the individual effects of these factors on diving heart rate are poorly understood because of the difficulty of parsing their relative contributions in diving pinnipeds. Here, we examined the effects of apnea and external sensory inputs as autonomic drivers of bradycardia. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) water stimulation of facial receptors would - as is the case for terrestrial mammals - enhance the dive response, (2) increasing the facial area stimulated would lead to a more intense bradycardia, and (3) cold water would elicit a more pronounced bradycardia than warm water. Three harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) were trained to breath hold in air and with their heads submerged in a basin with variable water level and temperature. We show that bradycardia occurs during apnea without immersion. We also demonstrate that bradycardia is strengthened by both increasing the area of facial submersion and colder water. Thus, we conclude that the initiation of the dive response in pinnipeds is more strongly related to breath holding than in terrestrial mammals, but the degree of the dive response is potentiated autonomically via stimulation of facial mechano- and thermo-receptors upon submergence. Article in Journal/Newspaper harbor seal Phoca vitulina Weddell Seals Aarhus University: Research Weddell Journal of Experimental Biology |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Aarhus University: Research |
op_collection_id |
ftuniaarhuspubl |
language |
English |
topic |
Bradycardia Breath hold Facial receptors Heart rate Harbor seal California sea lion HUMAN DIVING BRADYCARDIA HEART-RATE SEA LIONS EXTREME BRADYCARDIA TERRESTRIAL APNEAS MARINE MAMMALS CARDIAC-OUTPUT WEDDELL SEALS HARBOR SEALS PATTERNS |
spellingShingle |
Bradycardia Breath hold Facial receptors Heart rate Harbor seal California sea lion HUMAN DIVING BRADYCARDIA HEART-RATE SEA LIONS EXTREME BRADYCARDIA TERRESTRIAL APNEAS MARINE MAMMALS CARDIAC-OUTPUT WEDDELL SEALS HARBOR SEALS PATTERNS Kaczmarek, Jeppe Reichmuth, Colleen McDonald, Birgitte Kristensen, Jakob H. Larson, Josefin Johansson, Fredrik Sullivan, Jenna L. Madsen, Peter T. Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
topic_facet |
Bradycardia Breath hold Facial receptors Heart rate Harbor seal California sea lion HUMAN DIVING BRADYCARDIA HEART-RATE SEA LIONS EXTREME BRADYCARDIA TERRESTRIAL APNEAS MARINE MAMMALS CARDIAC-OUTPUT WEDDELL SEALS HARBOR SEALS PATTERNS |
description |
Long and deep dives in marine mammals are enabled by high mass- specific oxygen stores and the dive response, which reduces oxygen consumption in concert with increased peripheral vasoconstriction and a lowered heart rate during dives. Diving heart rates of pinnipeds are highly variable and modulated by many factors, such as breath holding (apnea), pressure, swimming activity, temperature and even cognitive control. However, the individual effects of these factors on diving heart rate are poorly understood because of the difficulty of parsing their relative contributions in diving pinnipeds. Here, we examined the effects of apnea and external sensory inputs as autonomic drivers of bradycardia. Specifically, we hypothesized that (1) water stimulation of facial receptors would - as is the case for terrestrial mammals - enhance the dive response, (2) increasing the facial area stimulated would lead to a more intense bradycardia, and (3) cold water would elicit a more pronounced bradycardia than warm water. Three harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) were trained to breath hold in air and with their heads submerged in a basin with variable water level and temperature. We show that bradycardia occurs during apnea without immersion. We also demonstrate that bradycardia is strengthened by both increasing the area of facial submersion and colder water. Thus, we conclude that the initiation of the dive response in pinnipeds is more strongly related to breath holding than in terrestrial mammals, but the degree of the dive response is potentiated autonomically via stimulation of facial mechano- and thermo-receptors upon submergence. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Kaczmarek, Jeppe Reichmuth, Colleen McDonald, Birgitte Kristensen, Jakob H. Larson, Josefin Johansson, Fredrik Sullivan, Jenna L. Madsen, Peter T. |
author_facet |
Kaczmarek, Jeppe Reichmuth, Colleen McDonald, Birgitte Kristensen, Jakob H. Larson, Josefin Johansson, Fredrik Sullivan, Jenna L. Madsen, Peter T. |
author_sort |
Kaczmarek, Jeppe |
title |
Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
title_short |
Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
title_full |
Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
title_fullStr |
Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
title_sort |
drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/drivers-of-the-dive-response-in-pinnipeds-apnea-submergence-or-temperature(e5c61777-b1fb-40ec-b510-cdfb3aa2e6c4).html https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/167182376/jeb176545.full.pdf |
geographic |
Weddell |
geographic_facet |
Weddell |
genre |
harbor seal Phoca vitulina Weddell Seals |
genre_facet |
harbor seal Phoca vitulina Weddell Seals |
op_source |
Kaczmarek , J , Reichmuth , C , McDonald , B , Kristensen , J H , Larson , J , Johansson , F , Sullivan , J L & Madsen , P T 2018 , ' Drivers of the dive response in pinnipeds; apnea, submergence or temperature? ' , Journal of Experimental Biology , vol. 221 , no. 13 . https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.176545 |
container_title |
Journal of Experimental Biology |
_version_ |
1766022880071516160 |