Varved lake sediments and diagenetic processes

• Main Author: Gälman, Veronika
• Format: Doctoral or Postdoctoral Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap 2009
• Subjects: Varved (annually laminated) lake sediment; diagenesis; varve appearance; iron; sulfur; chemical speciation; iron cycling; carbon; nitrogen; stabile isotopes; δ13C; δ15N; Earth and Related Environmental Sciences; Geovetenskap och miljövetenskap; Northern Sweden
• Online Access: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-5724

Varved (annually laminated) sediments are of great interest for inference of past environmental conditions, as they provide dated records with high time resolution. After deposition, the sediment varves are affected by diagenesis; i.e., chemical, physical and biological changes that occur within the sediment. An important premise when reconstructing past environmental conditions using lake sediments is that the signal of interest is preserved in the sediment. In this thesis I have used a unique collection of ten stored freeze cores of varved lake sediment from Nylandssjön in northern Sweden, collected from 1979 to 2007. The suite of cores made it possible to follow long-term (up to 27 years) changes in iron (Fe), sulfur (S), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), δ13C and δ15N in the sediment caused by processes that occur in the lake bottom as the sediment ages. The sediment geochemistry and resulting changes were followed in years for which there are surface varves in the core series. Fe and S concentrations analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy showed no diagenetic front in the sediment and the data do not suggest a substantial vertical transport of Fe and S in the sediment. A model based on thermodynamic, limnological, and sediment data from the lake, showed that there are pe (redox) ranges within which either FeS (reduced specie) or Fe(OH)3/FeOOH oxidized species) is the only solid phase present and there are pe ranges within which the two solid phases co-exist. This supports the hypothesis that blackish and grey-brownish Fe-layers that occur in the varves were formed at the time of deposition. C and N analyzed with an elemental analyzer showed that within the first five years after deposition the C concentration of the sediment decreased by 20% and N by 30%, and after 27 yr in the sediment, there was a 23% loss of C and 35% loss of N. The C:N ratio increased with increasing age of the sediment; from ~ 10 in the surface varves to ~12 after 27 years of aging. δ13C and δ15N analyzed on a mass spectrometer showed ...