A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea

Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95536/1/jgrc12221.pdf

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Geophysical Research
Main Authors: Hu, Haoguo, Wang, Jia, Wang, Dao‐ru
Other Authors: Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, Hainan Marine Development and Design Institute, Haikou, China
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:unknown
Published: AGU 2011
Subjects:
Modeling
Polynya
Sea Ice
Bering Sea
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
Lawrence Island
Arctic
Sea ice
St Lawrence Island
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007309
id ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/95536
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection University of Michigan: Deep Blue
op_collection_id ftumdeepblue
language unknown
topic Modeling
Polynya
Sea Ice
Bering Sea
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
spellingShingle Modeling
Polynya
Sea Ice
Bering Sea
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
Hu, Haoguo
Wang, Jia
Wang, Dao‐ru
A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea
topic_facet Modeling
Polynya
Sea Ice
Bering Sea
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
description Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95536/1/jgrc12221.pdf
author2 Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Hainan Marine Development and Design Institute, Haikou, China
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Hu, Haoguo
Wang, Jia
Wang, Dao‐ru
author_facet Hu, Haoguo
Wang, Jia
Wang, Dao‐ru
author_sort Hu, Haoguo
title A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea
title_short A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea
title_full A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea
title_fullStr A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea
title_full_unstemmed A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea
title_sort model‐data study of the 1999 st. lawrence island polynya in the bering sea
publisher AGU
publishDate 2011
url http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007309
long_lat ENVELOPE(-103.718,-103.718,56.967,56.967)
geographic Bering Sea
Lawrence Island
geographic_facet Bering Sea
Lawrence Island
genre Arctic
Bering Sea
Sea ice
St Lawrence Island
genre_facet Arctic
Bering Sea
Sea ice
St Lawrence Island
op_relation Hu, Haoguo; Wang, Jia; Wang, Dao‐ru (2011). "A modelâ data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116(C12): n/a-n/a. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536>
0148-0227
2156-2202
http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536
doi:10.1029/2011JC007309
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
Wang, J., M. Jin, V. Patrick, J. Allen, D. Eslinger, C. N. Mooers, and T. Cooney ( 2001 ), Numerical simulation of the seasonal ocean circulation patterns and thermohaline structure of Prince William Sound, Alaska using freshwater of a line source, Fish. Oceanogr., 10, suppl. 1, 132 – 148, doi:10.1046/j.1054‐6006.2001.00035.x.
Niebauer, H. J. ( 1998 ), Variability in Bering Sea ice cover as affected by a regime shift in the North Pacific in the period 1947–1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103 ( C12 ), 27,717 – 27,737, doi:10.1029/98JC02499.
Niebauer, H. J., N. A. Bond, and L. P. Yakunin ( 1999 ), An update on the climatology and sea ice of the Bering Sea, in Dynamics of the Bering Sea, edited by T. R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani, pp. 29 – 60, North Pac. Mar. Sci. Organ., Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.
Ohshima, K. I., and S. Nihashi ( 2005 ), A simple ice‐ocean coupled model for the Antarctic ice melt season, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 188 – 201, doi:10.1175/JPO‐2675.1.
Pease, C. H. ( 1980 ), Eastern Bering Sea ice processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 2015 – 2023, doi:10.1175/1520‐0493(1980)108<2015:EBSIP>2.0.CO;2.
Pedlosky, J. ( 1987 ), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd ed.,, 710 pp., Springer, New York, doi:10.1007/978‐1‐4612‐4650‐3.
Shapiro, L. H., and J. J. Burns ( 1975 ), Satellite observations of sea ice movement in the Bering Strait region, in Climate of the Arctic, edited by G. Weller and S. A. Bowling, pp. 379 – 386, Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.
Steele, M., R. Morley, and W. Ermold ( 2001 ), PHC: A global ocean hydrograph with a high‐quality Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 14, 2079 – 2087, doi:10.1175/1520‐0442(2001)014<2079:PAGOHW>2.0.CO;2.
Tang, C. L. ( 2008 ), A coupled multi‐category sea ice model and POM for Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea, Chin. J. Polar Sci., 19 ( 2 ), 149 – 158.
Thorndike, A. S., and R. Colony ( 1982 ), Sea ice motion in response to the geostrophic winds, J. Geophys. Res., 87 ( C8), 5845 – 5852, doi:10.1029/JC087iC08p05845.
Thorndike, A. S., D. A. Rothrock, G. A. Maykut, and R. Colony ( 1975 ), The thickness distribution of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 80 ( 33 ), 4501 – 4513, doi:10.1029/JC080i033p04501.
Wang, J., L. A. Mysak, and R. G. Ingram ( 1994 ), A numerical simulation of sea‐ice cover in Hudson Bay, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24 ( 12 ), 2515 – 2533, doi:10.1175/1520‐0485(1994)024<2515:ANSOSI>2.0.CO;2.
Wang, J., R. T. Cheng, and P. C. Smith ( 1997 ), Seasonal sea‐level variations in San Francisco Bay in response to atmospheric forcing, 1980, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 45, 39 – 52, doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0162.
Wang, J., Q. Liu, and M. Jin ( 2002 ), A user's guide for a coupled ice‐ocean model (CIOM) in the Pan‐Arctic and North Atlantic oceans, Front. Res. Syst. Global Change Tech. Rep. 02–01, Int. Arctic Res. Cent., Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska.
Wang, J., M. Ikeda, and F. Saucier ( 2003 ), A theoretical, two‐layer, reduced‐gravity model for descending dense water flow on continental slopes, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C5 ), 3161, doi:10.1029/2000JC000517.
Wang, J., B. Wu, C. Tang, J. E. Walsh, and M. Ikeda ( 2004 ), Seesaw structure of subsurface temperature anomalies between the Barents Sea and the Labrador Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19301, doi:10.1029/2004GL019981.
Wang, J., Q. Liu, M. Jin, M. Ikeda, and F. J. Saucier ( 2005 ), A coupled ice‐ocean model in the pan‐Arctic and the northern North Atlantic Ocean: Simulation of seasonal cycles, J. Oceanogr., 61, 213 – 233, doi:10.1007/s10872‐005‐0033‐3.
Wang, J., K. Mizobata, H. Hu, M. Jin, S. Zhang, W. Johnson, and K. Shimada ( 2008 ), Modeling seasonal variations of ocean and sea ice circulation in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas: A model‐data fusion study, Chin. J. Polar Sci., 19 ( 2 ), 168 – 184.
Wang, J., H. Hu, K. Mizobata, and S. Saitoh ( 2009 ), Seasonal variations of sea ice and ocean circulation in the Bering Sea: A model‐data fusion study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C02011, doi:10.1029/2008JC004727.
Watanabe, E., J. Wang, T. Sumi, and H. Hasumi ( 2006 ), Arctic dipole and its contribution to sea ice exports in the last 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23703, doi:10.1029/2006GL028112.
Weeks, W. F., and G. Weller ( 1984 ), Offshore oil in the Alaskan Arctic, Science, 225, 371 – 378, doi:10.1126/science.225.4660.371.
Woodgate, R., T. J. Weingartner, and K. Aagaard ( 2005 ), A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990–1991, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52 ( 24–26 ), 3116 – 3149, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016.
Wu, B., J. Wang, and R. Zhang ( 2004 ), Effects of intraseasonal variations of the Arctic Oscillation on the Barents Sea, Polar Meteorol., Glaciol, 18, 82 – 95.
Yao, T., C. L. Tang, and I. K. Peterson ( 2000 ), Modeling the seasonal variation of sea ice in the Labrador Sea with a coupled multicategory ice model and the Princeton Ocean Model, J. Geophys. Res., 105 ( C1 ), 1153 – 1165, doi:10.1029/1999JC900264.
Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor ( 1987 ), A description of 3‐D coastal ocean circulation model, in 3Three‐Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal Estuarine Sci. Ser., vol. 4, edited by N. S. Heaps, pp. 1 – 16, AGU, Washington, D. C.
Cavalieri, D. J., and S. Martin ( 1994 ), The contribution of Alaskan, Siberian, and Canadian coastal polynyas to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 99 ( C9 ), 18,343 – 18,362, doi:10.1029/94JC01169.
Danielson, S., K. Aagaard, T. Weingartner, S. Martin, P. Winsor, G. Gawarkiewicz, and D. Quadfasel ( 2006 ), The St. Lawrence polynya and the Bering Shelf circulation: New observations and a model comparison, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C09023, doi:10.1029/2005JC003268.
Drucker, R., S. Martin, and R. Moritz ( 2003 ), Observations of ice thickness and frazil ice in the St. Lawrence Island polynya from satellite imagery, upward looking sonar and salinity/temperature moorings, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C5 ), 3149, doi:10.1029/2001JC001213.
Gill, A. E. ( 1982 ), Atmosphere–ocean Dynamics, Int.l Geophys. Ser., vol. 30, 662 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif.
Grebmeier, J. M., and L. W. Cooper ( 1995 ), Influence of the St. Lawrence Island polynya upon the Bering Sea benthos, J. Geophys. Res., 100 ( C3 ), 4439 – 4460, doi:10.1029/94JC02198.
Hibler, W. D., III ( 1979 ), A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 815 – 846, doi:10.1175/1520‐0485(1979)009<0815:ADTSIM>2.0.CO;2.
Hibler, W. D., III ( 1980 ), Modeling a variable thickness sea ice cover, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 1943 – 1973, doi:10.1175/1520‐0493(1980)108<1943:MAVTSI>2.0.CO;2.
Hu, H., and J. Wang ( 2010 ), Modeling effects of tidal and wave mixing on circulation and thermohaline structures in the Bering Sea: Process studies, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C01006, doi:10.1029/2008JC005175.
Ladd, C., and N. A. Bond ( 2002 ), Evaluation of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis in the NE Pacific and the Bering Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107 ( C10 ), 3158, doi:10.1029/2001JC001157.
Long, Z., W. Perrie, C. L. Tang, E. Dunlap, and J. Wang ( 2011 ), Simulated interannual variations of fresh water content and sea surface height in the Beaufort Sea, J. Clim., doi:10.1175/2011KCI14121.1, in press.
Lynch, M., F. Glueck, W. L. Chapman, D. A. Bailey, and J. E. Walsh ( 1997 ), Satellite observation and climate system model simulation of the St. Lawrence Island polynya, Tellus A, 49, 277 – 297.
Maykut, G. A., and M. G. McPhee ( 1995 ), Solar heating of the Arctic mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100 ( C12 ), 24,691 – 24,703, doi:10.1029/95JC02554.
McPhee, M. G. ( 1992 ), Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 97 ( C4 ), 5365 – 5379, doi:10.1029/92JC00239.
Mellor, G. L. ( 2004 ), User's Guide for a Three‐Dimensional, Primitive Equation, Numerical Ocean Model, 56 pp., Program in Atmos. and Oceanic Sci., Princeton Univ. Press., Princeton, N. J.
Mellor, G. L., and L. Kantha ( 1989 ), An ice‐ocean coupled model, J. Geophys. Res., 94 ( C8 ), 10,937 – 10,954, doi:10.1029/JC094iC08p10937.
Muench, R. D., and K. Ahlnas ( 1976 ), Ice movement and distribution in the Bering Sea from March to June 1974, J. Geophys. Res., 81 ( 24 ), 4467 – 4476, doi:10.1029/JC081i024p04467.
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spelling ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/95536 2023-08-20T04:03:09+02:00 A model‐data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea Hu, Haoguo Wang, Jia Wang, Dao‐ru Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA Hainan Marine Development and Design Institute, Haikou, China 2011-12 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007309 unknown AGU Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hu, Haoguo; Wang, Jia; Wang, Dao‐ru (2011). "A modelâ data study of the 1999 St. Lawrence Island polynya in the Bering Sea." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 116(C12): n/a-n/a. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536> 0148-0227 2156-2202 http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/95536 doi:10.1029/2011JC007309 Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Wang, J., M. Jin, V. Patrick, J. Allen, D. Eslinger, C. N. Mooers, and T. Cooney ( 2001 ), Numerical simulation of the seasonal ocean circulation patterns and thermohaline structure of Prince William Sound, Alaska using freshwater of a line source, Fish. Oceanogr., 10, suppl. 1, 132 – 148, doi:10.1046/j.1054‐6006.2001.00035.x. Niebauer, H. J. ( 1998 ), Variability in Bering Sea ice cover as affected by a regime shift in the North Pacific in the period 1947–1996, J. Geophys. Res., 103 ( C12 ), 27,717 – 27,737, doi:10.1029/98JC02499. Niebauer, H. J., N. A. Bond, and L. P. Yakunin ( 1999 ), An update on the climatology and sea ice of the Bering Sea, in Dynamics of the Bering Sea, edited by T. R. Loughlin and K. Ohtani, pp. 29 – 60, North Pac. Mar. Sci. Organ., Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska. Ohshima, K. I., and S. Nihashi ( 2005 ), A simple ice‐ocean coupled model for the Antarctic ice melt season, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 188 – 201, doi:10.1175/JPO‐2675.1. Pease, C. H. ( 1980 ), Eastern Bering Sea ice processes, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 2015 – 2023, doi:10.1175/1520‐0493(1980)108<2015:EBSIP>2.0.CO;2. Pedlosky, J. ( 1987 ), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 2nd ed.,, 710 pp., Springer, New York, doi:10.1007/978‐1‐4612‐4650‐3. Shapiro, L. H., and J. J. Burns ( 1975 ), Satellite observations of sea ice movement in the Bering Strait region, in Climate of the Arctic, edited by G. Weller and S. A. Bowling, pp. 379 – 386, Geophys. Inst., Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska. Steele, M., R. Morley, and W. Ermold ( 2001 ), PHC: A global ocean hydrograph with a high‐quality Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 14, 2079 – 2087, doi:10.1175/1520‐0442(2001)014<2079:PAGOHW>2.0.CO;2. Tang, C. L. ( 2008 ), A coupled multi‐category sea ice model and POM for Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea, Chin. J. Polar Sci., 19 ( 2 ), 149 – 158. Thorndike, A. S., and R. Colony ( 1982 ), Sea ice motion in response to the geostrophic winds, J. Geophys. Res., 87 ( C8), 5845 – 5852, doi:10.1029/JC087iC08p05845. Thorndike, A. S., D. A. Rothrock, G. A. Maykut, and R. Colony ( 1975 ), The thickness distribution of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 80 ( 33 ), 4501 – 4513, doi:10.1029/JC080i033p04501. Wang, J., L. A. Mysak, and R. G. Ingram ( 1994 ), A numerical simulation of sea‐ice cover in Hudson Bay, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24 ( 12 ), 2515 – 2533, doi:10.1175/1520‐0485(1994)024<2515:ANSOSI>2.0.CO;2. Wang, J., R. T. Cheng, and P. C. Smith ( 1997 ), Seasonal sea‐level variations in San Francisco Bay in response to atmospheric forcing, 1980, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 45, 39 – 52, doi:10.1006/ecss.1996.0162. Wang, J., Q. Liu, and M. Jin ( 2002 ), A user's guide for a coupled ice‐ocean model (CIOM) in the Pan‐Arctic and North Atlantic oceans, Front. Res. Syst. Global Change Tech. Rep. 02–01, Int. Arctic Res. Cent., Univ. of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska. Wang, J., M. Ikeda, and F. Saucier ( 2003 ), A theoretical, two‐layer, reduced‐gravity model for descending dense water flow on continental slopes, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C5 ), 3161, doi:10.1029/2000JC000517. Wang, J., B. Wu, C. Tang, J. E. Walsh, and M. Ikeda ( 2004 ), Seesaw structure of subsurface temperature anomalies between the Barents Sea and the Labrador Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L19301, doi:10.1029/2004GL019981. Wang, J., Q. Liu, M. Jin, M. Ikeda, and F. J. Saucier ( 2005 ), A coupled ice‐ocean model in the pan‐Arctic and the northern North Atlantic Ocean: Simulation of seasonal cycles, J. Oceanogr., 61, 213 – 233, doi:10.1007/s10872‐005‐0033‐3. Wang, J., K. Mizobata, H. Hu, M. Jin, S. Zhang, W. Johnson, and K. Shimada ( 2008 ), Modeling seasonal variations of ocean and sea ice circulation in the Beaufort and Chukchi seas: A model‐data fusion study, Chin. J. Polar Sci., 19 ( 2 ), 168 – 184. Wang, J., H. Hu, K. Mizobata, and S. Saitoh ( 2009 ), Seasonal variations of sea ice and ocean circulation in the Bering Sea: A model‐data fusion study, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C02011, doi:10.1029/2008JC004727. Watanabe, E., J. Wang, T. Sumi, and H. Hasumi ( 2006 ), Arctic dipole and its contribution to sea ice exports in the last 20th century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23703, doi:10.1029/2006GL028112. Weeks, W. F., and G. Weller ( 1984 ), Offshore oil in the Alaskan Arctic, Science, 225, 371 – 378, doi:10.1126/science.225.4660.371. Woodgate, R., T. J. Weingartner, and K. Aagaard ( 2005 ), A year in the physical oceanography of the Chukchi Sea: Moored measurements from autumn 1990–1991, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 52 ( 24–26 ), 3116 – 3149, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.016. Wu, B., J. Wang, and R. Zhang ( 2004 ), Effects of intraseasonal variations of the Arctic Oscillation on the Barents Sea, Polar Meteorol., Glaciol, 18, 82 – 95. Yao, T., C. L. Tang, and I. K. Peterson ( 2000 ), Modeling the seasonal variation of sea ice in the Labrador Sea with a coupled multicategory ice model and the Princeton Ocean Model, J. Geophys. Res., 105 ( C1 ), 1153 – 1165, doi:10.1029/1999JC900264. Blumberg, A. F., and G. L. Mellor ( 1987 ), A description of 3‐D coastal ocean circulation model, in 3Three‐Dimensional Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal Estuarine Sci. Ser., vol. 4, edited by N. S. Heaps, pp. 1 – 16, AGU, Washington, D. C. Cavalieri, D. J., and S. Martin ( 1994 ), The contribution of Alaskan, Siberian, and Canadian coastal polynyas to the cold halocline layer of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 99 ( C9 ), 18,343 – 18,362, doi:10.1029/94JC01169. Danielson, S., K. Aagaard, T. Weingartner, S. Martin, P. Winsor, G. Gawarkiewicz, and D. Quadfasel ( 2006 ), The St. Lawrence polynya and the Bering Shelf circulation: New observations and a model comparison, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C09023, doi:10.1029/2005JC003268. Drucker, R., S. Martin, and R. Moritz ( 2003 ), Observations of ice thickness and frazil ice in the St. Lawrence Island polynya from satellite imagery, upward looking sonar and salinity/temperature moorings, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C5 ), 3149, doi:10.1029/2001JC001213. Gill, A. E. ( 1982 ), Atmosphere–ocean Dynamics, Int.l Geophys. Ser., vol. 30, 662 pp., Academic, San Diego, Calif. Grebmeier, J. M., and L. W. Cooper ( 1995 ), Influence of the St. Lawrence Island polynya upon the Bering Sea benthos, J. Geophys. Res., 100 ( C3 ), 4439 – 4460, doi:10.1029/94JC02198. Hibler, W. D., III ( 1979 ), A dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9, 815 – 846, doi:10.1175/1520‐0485(1979)009<0815:ADTSIM>2.0.CO;2. Hibler, W. D., III ( 1980 ), Modeling a variable thickness sea ice cover, Mon. Weather Rev., 108, 1943 – 1973, doi:10.1175/1520‐0493(1980)108<1943:MAVTSI>2.0.CO;2. Hu, H., and J. Wang ( 2010 ), Modeling effects of tidal and wave mixing on circulation and thermohaline structures in the Bering Sea: Process studies, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C01006, doi:10.1029/2008JC005175. Ladd, C., and N. A. Bond ( 2002 ), Evaluation of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis in the NE Pacific and the Bering Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 107 ( C10 ), 3158, doi:10.1029/2001JC001157. Long, Z., W. Perrie, C. L. Tang, E. Dunlap, and J. Wang ( 2011 ), Simulated interannual variations of fresh water content and sea surface height in the Beaufort Sea, J. Clim., doi:10.1175/2011KCI14121.1, in press. Lynch, M., F. Glueck, W. L. Chapman, D. A. Bailey, and J. E. Walsh ( 1997 ), Satellite observation and climate system model simulation of the St. Lawrence Island polynya, Tellus A, 49, 277 – 297. Maykut, G. A., and M. G. McPhee ( 1995 ), Solar heating of the Arctic mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100 ( C12 ), 24,691 – 24,703, doi:10.1029/95JC02554. McPhee, M. G. ( 1992 ), Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 97 ( C4 ), 5365 – 5379, doi:10.1029/92JC00239. Mellor, G. L. ( 2004 ), User's Guide for a Three‐Dimensional, Primitive Equation, Numerical Ocean Model, 56 pp., Program in Atmos. and Oceanic Sci., Princeton Univ. Press., Princeton, N. J. Mellor, G. L., and L. Kantha ( 1989 ), An ice‐ocean coupled model, J. Geophys. Res., 94 ( C8 ), 10,937 – 10,954, doi:10.1029/JC094iC08p10937. Muench, R. D., and K. Ahlnas ( 1976 ), Ice movement and distribution in the Bering Sea from March to June 1974, J. Geophys. Res., 81 ( 24 ), 4467 – 4476, doi:10.1029/JC081i024p04467. IndexNoFollow Modeling Polynya Sea Ice Bering Sea Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Geological Sciences Science Article 2011 ftumdeepblue https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC00730910.1046/j.1054‐6006.2001.00035.x10.1029/98JC0249910.1175/JPO‐2675.110.1175/1520‐0493(1980)108<2015:EBSIP>2.0.CO;210.1007/978‐1‐4612‐4650‐310.1175/1520‐0442(2001)014<2079:PAGOHW>2.0.CO;210.1029/JC087iC08p0584510.1029/JC0 2023-07-31T20:32:47Z Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95536/1/jgrc12221.pdf Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Bering Sea Sea ice St Lawrence Island University of Michigan: Deep Blue Bering Sea Lawrence Island ENVELOPE(-103.718,-103.718,56.967,56.967) Journal of Geophysical Research 116 C12

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