Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients
Aim To evaluate the relationship of climate and physiography to species density and ecological diversity of North American mammals. Location North America, including Mexico and Central America. Methods Species density, size structure and trophic structure of mammalian faunas and nine environmental v...
Published in: | Journal of Biogeography |
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Blackwell Science Ltd
2000
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Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00498.x |
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ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/75250 |
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record_format |
openpolar |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of Michigan: Deep Blue |
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unknown |
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Biogeography Climatic Gradients Ecological Diversity Ecological Structure Mammals North America Geography and Maps Social Sciences |
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Biogeography Climatic Gradients Ecological Diversity Ecological Structure Mammals North America Geography and Maps Social Sciences Badgley, Catherine E. Fox, David L. Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
topic_facet |
Biogeography Climatic Gradients Ecological Diversity Ecological Structure Mammals North America Geography and Maps Social Sciences |
description |
Aim To evaluate the relationship of climate and physiography to species density and ecological diversity of North American mammals. Location North America, including Mexico and Central America. Methods Species density, size structure and trophic structure of mammalian faunas and nine environmental variables were documented for quadrats covering the entire continent. Spatial autocorrelation of species density and the environmental variables illustrated differences in their spatial structure at the continental scale. We used principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the climatic variables, linear multiple regression to determine which environmental variables best predict species density for the continent and several regions of the continent, and canonical ordination to evaluate how well the environmental variables predict ecological structure of mammalian faunas over North America. Results In the best regression model, five environmental variables, representing seasonal extremes of temperature, annual energy and moisture, and elevation, predicted 88 of the variation in species density for the whole continent. Among different regions of North America, the environmental variables that predicted species density vary. Changes in the size and trophic structure of mammalian faunas accompany changes in species density. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that environmental variables representing winter temperature, frostfree period, potential and actual evapotranspiration, and elevation account for 77 of the variation in ecological structure. Main conclusions The latitudinal gradient in mammalian species density is strong, but most of it is explained by variation in the environmental variables. Each ecological category peaks in species richness under particular environmental conditions. The changes of greatest magnitude involve the smallest size categories (< 10 g, 11 100 g), aerial insectivores and frugivores. Species in these categories, mostly bats, increase along a gradient of decreasing winter ... |
author2 |
Museum of Palaeontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Badgley, Catherine E. Fox, David L. |
author_facet |
Badgley, Catherine E. Fox, David L. |
author_sort |
Badgley, Catherine E. |
title |
Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
title_short |
Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
title_full |
Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
title_fullStr |
Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
title_sort |
ecological biogeography of north american mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients |
publisher |
Blackwell Science Ltd |
publishDate |
2000 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00498.x |
genre |
Arctic |
genre_facet |
Arctic |
op_relation |
Badgley, Catherine; Fox, David L. (2000). "Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients." Journal of Biogeography 27(6): 1437-1467. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250> 0305-0270 1365-2699 https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00498.x Journal of Biogeography Andrews, P. & O'Brien, E. ( 2000 ) Climate, vegetation, and predictable gradients in mammal species richness in southern Africa. Journal of Zoology, 251, 205 231. Anonymous ( 1985 ) The Times atlas of the world, 7th edn. Times Books Limited, London. ter Braak, C. J. F. & Smilauer, P. ( 1998 ) canoco reference manual and user s guide to canoco for Windows: software for canonical community ordination, version 4, Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY. Brown, J. H. & Lomolino, M. V. ( 1998 ) Biogeography, 2nd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. Cox, C. B. & Moore, P. D. ( 1985 ) Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach, 4th edn. Blackwell, Oxford. Cracraft, J. ( 1985 ) Biological diversification and its causes. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Gardens, 72, 794 822. Currie, D. J. ( 1991 ) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. American Naturalist, 137, 27 49. Currie, D. J. & Paquin, V. ( 1987 ) Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature, 329, 326 327. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J., eds ( 1990 ) Body size in mammalian paleobiology: estimation and biological implications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Eisenberg, J. F. ( 1981 ) The mammalian radiations, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. ( 1981 ) Canada frost-free period (map). The national atlas of Canada, 5th edn. Geographical Services Directorate, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Gittins, R. ( 1985 ) Canonical Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Graham, R. W., Lundelius, E. L. Jr, Graham, M. A., Schroeder, E. K., Toomey, R. S. III, Anderson, E., Barnosky, A. D., Burns, J. A., Churcher, C. S., Grayson, D. K., Guthrie, R. D., Harrington, C. R., Jefferson, G. T., Martin, L. D., McDonald, H. G., Morlan, R. E., Semken, H. A. Jr, Webb, S. D., Werdelin, L., Wilson, M. C. ( 1996 ) Spatial response of mammals to late-Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science, 272, 1601 1606. Graham, R. W. & Mead, J. I. ( 1987 ) Environmental fluctuations and evolution of mammalian faunas during the last deglaciation in North America. North America and adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation ( ed. by W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr ), pp. 371 402. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. Grayson, D. K. ( 1991 ) Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations. Journal of World Prehistory, 5, 193 231. Gujarati, D. N. ( 1995 ) Basic econometrics, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Hagmeier, E. M. & Stults, C. D. ( 1964 ) A numerical analysis of the distributional patterns of North American mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13, 125 155. Hall, E. R. ( 1981 ) The mammals of North America, 2nd. edn. John Wiley, New York, NY. Hamilton, L. C. ( 1992 ) Regression with graphics: a second course in applied statistics. Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA. Huston, M. ( 1995 ) Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia. ( 1976 ) Atlas climatol gico e hidrol gico del istmo Centroamericano, atlas with eight maps. Publication no. 367, Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Guatemala. Janis, C. ( 1997 ) Ungulate teeth, diets, and climatic changes at the Eocene Oligocene boundary. Zoology, 100, 203 220. Janzen, D. H. & Martin, P. S. ( 1982 ) Neotropical anachronisms: The fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science, 215, 19 27. Jones, J. K. & Birney, E. C. ( 1988 ) Handbook of mammals of the north-central states, University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, MN. Jongman, R. H. G., ter Braak, C. J. F., Tongeren, O. F. R. ( 1995 ) Data analysis in community and landscape ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kerr, J. T. & Packer, L. ( 1997 ) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385, 252 254. Legendre, S. ( 1989 ) Les communaut s de mammif res du Pal og ne (Eoc ne sup rieur et Oligoc ne) d Europe occidentale: structures, milieux, et volution. M nchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie und Pal ontologie, 16, 110 p. Martin, P. S. ( 1984 ) Prehistoric overkill: The global model. Quaternary extinctions ( ed. by P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein ), pp. 354 403. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. McNab, B. K. ( 1990 ) The physiological significance of body size. Body size in mammalian paleobiology ( ed. by J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden ), pp. 11 23. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Montgomery, D. C. & Peck, E. A. ( 1982 ) Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley, New York, NY. Nowak, R. M. ( 1991 ) Walker s mammals of the world, 5th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Oliver, J. E. ( 1987 ) Evapotranspiration. The encyclopedia of climatology ( ed. by J. E. Oliver and R. W. Fairbridge ), pp. 449 456. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY. Owen-Smith, R. N. ( 1988 ) Megaherbivores. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pielou, E. C. ( 1994 ) A naturalist s guide to the arctic. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Porter, W. P., Hopp, M., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. ( 1996 ) Climate variation and optimal body sizes: Implications for community structure globally. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 77 ( Suppl. to No. 3 ), 358. Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D., eds ( 1993 ) Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Rosenzweig, M. L. ( 1968 ) Net primary production of terrestrial communities: Prediction from climatological data. American Naturalist, 102, 67 74. Rosenzweig, M. L. ( 1992 ) Species diversity gradients: We know more and less than we thought. Journal of Mammalogy, 73, 715 730. Rosenzweig, M. L. ( 1995 ) Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Simpson, G. G. ( 1964 ) Species density of North American Recent mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13, 57 73. Sokal, R. R. & Oden, N. L. ( 1978 ) Spatial autocorrelation in biology. 1. Methodology. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 10, 199 228. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. ( 1981 ) Biometry, 2nd edn. W. H. Freeman, New York, NY. Sokal, R. R. & Thomson, J. D. ( 1987 ) Applications of spatial autocorrelation in ecology. Developments in numerical ecology ( ed. by P. Legendre and L. Legendre ), pp. 431 466. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Stucky, R. K. ( 1990 ) Evolution of land mammal diversity in North America during the Cenozoic. Current mammalogy, Vol. 2 ( ed. by H. H. Genoways ), pp. 375 432. Plenum, New York, NY. |
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ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/75250 2023-08-20T04:03:11+02:00 Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients Badgley, Catherine E. Fox, David L. Museum of Palaeontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA 2000-11 2372046 bytes 3109 bytes application/pdf text/plain https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00498.x unknown Blackwell Science Ltd Badgley, Catherine; Fox, David L. (2000). "Ecological biogeography of North American mammals: species density and ecological structure in relation to environmental gradients." Journal of Biogeography 27(6): 1437-1467. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250> 0305-0270 1365-2699 https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/75250 doi:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00498.x Journal of Biogeography Andrews, P. & O'Brien, E. ( 2000 ) Climate, vegetation, and predictable gradients in mammal species richness in southern Africa. Journal of Zoology, 251, 205 231. Anonymous ( 1985 ) The Times atlas of the world, 7th edn. Times Books Limited, London. ter Braak, C. J. F. & Smilauer, P. ( 1998 ) canoco reference manual and user s guide to canoco for Windows: software for canonical community ordination, version 4, Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, NY. Brown, J. H. & Lomolino, M. V. ( 1998 ) Biogeography, 2nd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. Cox, C. B. & Moore, P. D. ( 1985 ) Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach, 4th edn. Blackwell, Oxford. Cracraft, J. ( 1985 ) Biological diversification and its causes. Annals of the Missouri Botanic Gardens, 72, 794 822. Currie, D. J. ( 1991 ) Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. American Naturalist, 137, 27 49. Currie, D. J. & Paquin, V. ( 1987 ) Large-scale biogeographical patterns of species richness of trees. Nature, 329, 326 327. Damuth, J. & MacFadden, B. J., eds ( 1990 ) Body size in mammalian paleobiology: estimation and biological implications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Eisenberg, J. F. ( 1981 ) The mammalian radiations, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. ( 1981 ) Canada frost-free period (map). The national atlas of Canada, 5th edn. Geographical Services Directorate, Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. Gittins, R. ( 1985 ) Canonical Analysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Graham, R. W., Lundelius, E. L. Jr, Graham, M. A., Schroeder, E. K., Toomey, R. S. III, Anderson, E., Barnosky, A. D., Burns, J. A., Churcher, C. S., Grayson, D. K., Guthrie, R. D., Harrington, C. R., Jefferson, G. T., Martin, L. D., McDonald, H. G., Morlan, R. E., Semken, H. A. Jr, Webb, S. D., Werdelin, L., Wilson, M. C. ( 1996 ) Spatial response of mammals to late-Quaternary environmental fluctuations. Science, 272, 1601 1606. Graham, R. W. & Mead, J. I. ( 1987 ) Environmental fluctuations and evolution of mammalian faunas during the last deglaciation in North America. North America and adjacent oceans during the last deglaciation ( ed. by W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr ), pp. 371 402. Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO. Grayson, D. K. ( 1991 ) Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations. Journal of World Prehistory, 5, 193 231. Gujarati, D. N. ( 1995 ) Basic econometrics, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY. Hagmeier, E. M. & Stults, C. D. ( 1964 ) A numerical analysis of the distributional patterns of North American mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13, 125 155. Hall, E. R. ( 1981 ) The mammals of North America, 2nd. edn. John Wiley, New York, NY. Hamilton, L. C. ( 1992 ) Regression with graphics: a second course in applied statistics. Duxbury Press, Belmont, CA. Huston, M. ( 1995 ) Biological diversity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Instituto Panamericano de Geografia e Historia. ( 1976 ) Atlas climatol gico e hidrol gico del istmo Centroamericano, atlas with eight maps. Publication no. 367, Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Guatemala. Janis, C. ( 1997 ) Ungulate teeth, diets, and climatic changes at the Eocene Oligocene boundary. Zoology, 100, 203 220. Janzen, D. H. & Martin, P. S. ( 1982 ) Neotropical anachronisms: The fruits the gomphotheres ate. Science, 215, 19 27. Jones, J. K. & Birney, E. C. ( 1988 ) Handbook of mammals of the north-central states, University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, MN. Jongman, R. H. G., ter Braak, C. J. F., Tongeren, O. F. R. ( 1995 ) Data analysis in community and landscape ecology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kerr, J. T. & Packer, L. ( 1997 ) Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385, 252 254. Legendre, S. ( 1989 ) Les communaut s de mammif res du Pal og ne (Eoc ne sup rieur et Oligoc ne) d Europe occidentale: structures, milieux, et volution. M nchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A, Geologie und Pal ontologie, 16, 110 p. Martin, P. S. ( 1984 ) Prehistoric overkill: The global model. Quaternary extinctions ( ed. by P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein ), pp. 354 403. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. McNab, B. K. ( 1990 ) The physiological significance of body size. Body size in mammalian paleobiology ( ed. by J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden ), pp. 11 23. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Montgomery, D. C. & Peck, E. A. ( 1982 ) Introduction to linear regression analysis. John Wiley, New York, NY. Nowak, R. M. ( 1991 ) Walker s mammals of the world, 5th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD. Oliver, J. E. ( 1987 ) Evapotranspiration. The encyclopedia of climatology ( ed. by J. E. Oliver and R. W. Fairbridge ), pp. 449 456. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY. Owen-Smith, R. N. ( 1988 ) Megaherbivores. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pielou, E. C. ( 1994 ) A naturalist s guide to the arctic. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Porter, W. P., Hopp, M., Ramankutty, N., Foley, J. ( 1996 ) Climate variation and optimal body sizes: Implications for community structure globally. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 77 ( Suppl. to No. 3 ), 358. Ricklefs, R. E. & Schluter, D., eds ( 1993 ) Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. Rosenzweig, M. L. ( 1968 ) Net primary production of terrestrial communities: Prediction from climatological data. American Naturalist, 102, 67 74. Rosenzweig, M. L. ( 1992 ) Species diversity gradients: We know more and less than we thought. Journal of Mammalogy, 73, 715 730. Rosenzweig, M. L. ( 1995 ) Species diversity in space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Simpson, G. G. ( 1964 ) Species density of North American Recent mammals. Systematic Zoology, 13, 57 73. Sokal, R. R. & Oden, N. L. ( 1978 ) Spatial autocorrelation in biology. 1. Methodology. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society, 10, 199 228. Sokal, R. R. & Rohlf, F. J. ( 1981 ) Biometry, 2nd edn. W. H. Freeman, New York, NY. Sokal, R. R. & Thomson, J. D. ( 1987 ) Applications of spatial autocorrelation in ecology. Developments in numerical ecology ( ed. by P. Legendre and L. Legendre ), pp. 431 466. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Stucky, R. K. ( 1990 ) Evolution of land mammal diversity in North America during the Cenozoic. Current mammalogy, Vol. 2 ( ed. by H. H. Genoways ), pp. 375 432. Plenum, New York, NY. Blackwell Science Ltd Biogeography Climatic Gradients Ecological Diversity Ecological Structure Mammals North America Geography and Maps Social Sciences Article 2000 ftumdeepblue https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00498.x 2023-07-31T21:06:11Z Aim To evaluate the relationship of climate and physiography to species density and ecological diversity of North American mammals. Location North America, including Mexico and Central America. Methods Species density, size structure and trophic structure of mammalian faunas and nine environmental variables were documented for quadrats covering the entire continent. Spatial autocorrelation of species density and the environmental variables illustrated differences in their spatial structure at the continental scale. We used principal component analysis to reduce the dimensionality of the climatic variables, linear multiple regression to determine which environmental variables best predict species density for the continent and several regions of the continent, and canonical ordination to evaluate how well the environmental variables predict ecological structure of mammalian faunas over North America. Results In the best regression model, five environmental variables, representing seasonal extremes of temperature, annual energy and moisture, and elevation, predicted 88 of the variation in species density for the whole continent. Among different regions of North America, the environmental variables that predicted species density vary. Changes in the size and trophic structure of mammalian faunas accompany changes in species density. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that environmental variables representing winter temperature, frostfree period, potential and actual evapotranspiration, and elevation account for 77 of the variation in ecological structure. Main conclusions The latitudinal gradient in mammalian species density is strong, but most of it is explained by variation in the environmental variables. Each ecological category peaks in species richness under particular environmental conditions. The changes of greatest magnitude involve the smallest size categories (< 10 g, 11 100 g), aerial insectivores and frugivores. Species in these categories, mostly bats, increase along a gradient of decreasing winter ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic University of Michigan: Deep Blue Journal of Biogeography 27 6 1437 1467 |