Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons
Little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the Arctic and sub-Arctic. In this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region DNA variation to investigate the population genetic str...
Published in: | Molecular Ecology |
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Main Authors: | , , , |
Other Authors: | , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | unknown |
Published: |
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
2007
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17651193&dopt=citation https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x |
id |
ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/71471 |
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record_format |
openpolar |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of Michigan: Deep Blue |
op_collection_id |
ftumdeepblue |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Arctic Falco Microsatellite DNA Migration MtDNA Control Region Population Genetic Structure Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Science |
spellingShingle |
Arctic Falco Microsatellite DNA Migration MtDNA Control Region Population Genetic Structure Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Science Johnson, Jeff A. Burnham, Kurt K. Burnham, William A. Mindell, David P. Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
topic_facet |
Arctic Falco Microsatellite DNA Migration MtDNA Control Region Population Genetic Structure Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Science |
description |
Little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the Arctic and sub-Arctic. In this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region DNA variation to investigate the population genetic structure of gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ) throughout a large portion of their circumpolar distribution. In most locations sampled, the mtDNA data revealed little geographic structure; however, five out of eight mtDNA haplotypes were unique to a particular geographic area (Greenland, Iceland, or Alaska) and the Iceland population differed from others based on haplotype frequency differences ( F ST ). With the microsatellite results, significant population structure ( F ST , principal components analysis, and cluster analysis) was observed identifying Greenland and Iceland as separate populations, while Norway, Alaska and Canada were identified as a single population consistent with contemporary gene flow across Russia. Within Greenland, differing levels of gene flow between western and eastern sampling locations was indicated with apparent asymmetric dispersal in western Greenland from north to south. This dispersal bias is in agreement with the distribution of plumage colour variants with white gyrfalcons in much higher proportion in northern Greenland. Lastly, because the mtDNA control region sequence differed by only one to four nucleotides from a common haplotype among all gyrfalcons, we infer that the observed microsatellite population genetic structure has developed since the last glacial maximum. This conclusion is further supported by our finding that a closely related species, the saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ), has greater genetic heterogeneity, including mtDNA haplotypes differing by 1–16 nucleotide substitutions from a common gyrfalcon haplotype. This is consistent with gyrfalcons having expanded rapidly from a single glacial-age refugium to their current circumpolar distribution. Additional sampling of ... |
author2 |
† University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, * The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA, † Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Johnson, Jeff A. Burnham, Kurt K. Burnham, William A. Mindell, David P. |
author_facet |
Johnson, Jeff A. Burnham, Kurt K. Burnham, William A. Mindell, David P. |
author_sort |
Johnson, Jeff A. |
title |
Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
title_short |
Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
title_full |
Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
title_fullStr |
Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
title_full_unstemmed |
Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
title_sort |
genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons |
publisher |
Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
publishDate |
2007 |
url |
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17651193&dopt=citation https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x |
geographic |
Arctic Canada Greenland Norway |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Canada Greenland Norway |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Falco rusticolus Greenland gyrfalcon Iceland Polar Record Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Falco rusticolus Greenland gyrfalcon Iceland Polar Record Alaska |
op_relation |
JOHNSON, JEFF A.; BURNHAM, KURT K.; BURNHAM, WILLIAM A.; MINDELL, DAVID P. (2007). "Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons." Molecular Ecology 16(15): 3145-3160. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471> 0962-1083 1365-294X https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17651193&dopt=citation 17651193 doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x Molecular Ecology Andersen LW, Born EW, Gjertz I, Wiig Ø, Holm L-E, Bendixen C ( 1998 ) Population structure and gene flow of the Atlantic walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus ) in the eastern Atlantic Arctic based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation. Molecular Ecology, 7, 1323 – 1336. Anne C ( 2006 ) Choosing the right molecular genetic markers for studying biodiversity: from molecular evolution to practical aspects. Genetica, 127, 101 – 120. Bennike O ( 1999 ) Colonisation of Greenland by plants and animals after the last ice age: a review. Polar Record, 35, 323 – 336. Berry O, Tocher MD, Sarre SD ( 2004 ) Can assignment tests measure dispersal? Molecular Ecology, 13, 551 – 561. Berteaux D, RÉale D, McAdam AG, Boutin S ( 2004 ) Keeping pace with fast climate change: can arctic life count on evolution? Integrative and Comparative Biology, 44, 140 – 151. Booms TL, Fuller MR ( 2003 ) Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nesting period. The Condor, 105, 528 – 537. Bossart JL, Prowell DP ( 1998 ) Genetic estimates of population structure and gene flow: limitations, lessons, and new directions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13, 202 – 206. Brown JW, Van Coeverden de Groot PJ, Birt TP, Seutin G, Boag PT, Friesen VL ( 2007 ) Appraisal of the consequences of the DDT-induced bottleneck on the level and geographic distribution of neutral genetic variation in Canadian peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus. Molecular Ecology, 16, 327 – 344. Brunhoff C, Galbreath KE, Fedorov VB, Cook JA, Jaarola M ( 2003 ) Holarctic phylogeography of the root vole ( Microtus oeconomus ): implications for late Quaternary biogeography of high latitudes. Molecular Ecology, 12, 957 – 968. Buehler DM, Baker AJ ( 2005 ) Population divergence times and historical demography in red knots and dunlins. The Condor, 107, 497 – 513. Cade TJ ( 1982 ) Falcons of the World. William Collins Sons & Co. Limited, London, UK. Cade TJ ( 2006 ) The gyrfalcon. The Auk, 123, 920 – 923. Cade TJ, Koskimies P, Nielsen O ( 1998 ) Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon. In: Birds of the Western Palearctic Update, Vol. 2, No. 1 (ed. Cramp S ), pp. 1 – 25. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Callaghan TV, BjÖrn LO, Chernov Y et al. ( 2004 ) Effects on the structure of arctic ecosystems in the short- and long-term perspectives. Ambio, 33, 436 – 447. Clement M, Posada E, Crandall KA ( 2000 ) tcs: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657 – 1659. DalÉn L, Fuglei E, Hersteinsson P et al. ( 2005 ) Population history and genetic structure of a circumpolar species: the arctic fox. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84, 79 – 89. DeYoung RW, Honeycutt RL ( 2005 ) The molecular toolbox: genetic techniques in wildlife ecology and management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 69, 1362 – 1384. Emslie SD ( 1985 ) The late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) avifauna of Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, 23, 63 – 82. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S ( 2005 ) arlequin version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, 1, 47 – 50. Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK ( 2003 ) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics, 164, 1567 – 1587. Fedorov VB, Goropashnaya AV ( 1999 ) The importance of ice ages in diversification of Arctic collared lemmings ( Dicrostonyx ): evidence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b region. Hereditas, 130, 301 – 307. Fedorov VB, Stenseth NC ( 2002 ) Multiple glacial refugia in the North American Arctic: inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 269, 2071 – 2077. Ferguson-Lees J, Christie DA ( 2001 ) Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Flann I ( 2003 ) Gyrfalcon color variation. Journal of Raptor Research, 37, 173 – 174. Goodman SJ ( 1997 ) rstcalc, a collection of computer programs for calculating estimates of genetic differentiation from microsatellite data and determining their significance. Molecular Ecology, 6, 881 – 885. Goudet J ( 1995 ) fstat (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F -statistics. Journal of Heredity, 86, 485 – 486. Gray SM, McKinnon JS ( 2007 ) Linking color polymorphism maintenance and speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22, 71 – 79. Hauser L, Seamons TR, Dauer M, Naish KA, Quinn TP ( 2006 ) An empirical verification of population assignment methods by marking and parentage data: hatchery and wild steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in Forks Creek, Washington, USA. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3157 – 3173. Hewitt GM ( 1996 ) Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58, 247 – 276. Hewitt GM ( 1999 ) Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 87 – 112. Hewitt GM ( 2004 ) The structure of biodiversity-insights from molecular phylogeography. Frontiers in Zoology, 1, 4. Hewitt GM, Nichols RA ( 2005 ) Genetic and evolutionary impacts of climate change. In: Climate Change and Biodiversity (eds Lovejoy TE, Hannah L ), pp. 176 – 192. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Hitch AT, Leberg PL ( 2007 ) Breeding distributions of North American bird species moving north as a result of climate change. Conservation Biology, 21, 534 – 539. Hofreiter M, Serre D, Rohland N et al. ( 2004 ) Lack of phylogeography in European mammals before the last glaciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 12963 – 12968. Holder K, Montgomerie R, Friesen VL ( 1999 ) A test of the glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in Rock Ptarmigan ( Lagopus mutus ). Evolution, 53, 1936 – 1950. del Hoyo J, Elliot A, Sargatal J, eds ( 1994 ) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Johnsen P ( 1953 ) Birds and mammals of Peary Land in North Greenland. Meddelelser om GrØnland, 128, 1 – 138. Kinnison MT, Bentzen P, Unwin MJ, Quinn TP ( 2002 ) Reconstructing recent divergence: evaluating nonequilibrium population structure in New Zealand chinook salmon. Molecular Ecology, 11, 739 – 754. Koch L ( 1925 ) Nord om GrØnland. KØvenhavn, Denmark. Latch EK, Dharmarajan G, Glaubitz JC, Rodes OE ( 2006 ) Relative performance of Bayesian clustering software for inferring population substructure and individual assignment at low levels of population differentiation. Conservation Genetics, 7, 295 – 302. Leberg PL ( 2002 ) Estimating allelic richness: effects of sample size and bottlenecks. Molecular Ecology, 11, 2445 – 2449. Lewis PO, Zaykin D ( 2001 ) genetic data analysis: Computer Program for the Analysis of Allelic Data, Version 1.0 (d16c). University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. |
op_rights |
© 2007 The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x |
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Molecular Ecology |
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ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/71471 2023-08-20T04:03:10+02:00 Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons Johnson, Jeff A. Burnham, Kurt K. Burnham, William A. Mindell, David P. † University of Michigan Museum of Zoology and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 1109 Geddes Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA, * The Peregrine Fund, 5668 West Flying Hawk Lane, Boise, ID 83709, USA, † Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK 2007-08 245051 bytes 3109 bytes application/pdf text/plain https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17651193&dopt=citation https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x unknown Blackwell Publishing Ltd JOHNSON, JEFF A.; BURNHAM, KURT K.; BURNHAM, WILLIAM A.; MINDELL, DAVID P. (2007). "Genetic structure among continental and island populations of gyrfalcons." Molecular Ecology 16(15): 3145-3160. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471> 0962-1083 1365-294X https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/71471 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=17651193&dopt=citation 17651193 doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x Molecular Ecology Andersen LW, Born EW, Gjertz I, Wiig Ø, Holm L-E, Bendixen C ( 1998 ) Population structure and gene flow of the Atlantic walrus ( Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus ) in the eastern Atlantic Arctic based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite variation. Molecular Ecology, 7, 1323 – 1336. Anne C ( 2006 ) Choosing the right molecular genetic markers for studying biodiversity: from molecular evolution to practical aspects. Genetica, 127, 101 – 120. Bennike O ( 1999 ) Colonisation of Greenland by plants and animals after the last ice age: a review. Polar Record, 35, 323 – 336. Berry O, Tocher MD, Sarre SD ( 2004 ) Can assignment tests measure dispersal? Molecular Ecology, 13, 551 – 561. Berteaux D, RÉale D, McAdam AG, Boutin S ( 2004 ) Keeping pace with fast climate change: can arctic life count on evolution? Integrative and Comparative Biology, 44, 140 – 151. Booms TL, Fuller MR ( 2003 ) Gyrfalcon diet in central west Greenland during the nesting period. The Condor, 105, 528 – 537. Bossart JL, Prowell DP ( 1998 ) Genetic estimates of population structure and gene flow: limitations, lessons, and new directions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13, 202 – 206. Brown JW, Van Coeverden de Groot PJ, Birt TP, Seutin G, Boag PT, Friesen VL ( 2007 ) Appraisal of the consequences of the DDT-induced bottleneck on the level and geographic distribution of neutral genetic variation in Canadian peregrine falcons, Falco peregrinus. Molecular Ecology, 16, 327 – 344. Brunhoff C, Galbreath KE, Fedorov VB, Cook JA, Jaarola M ( 2003 ) Holarctic phylogeography of the root vole ( Microtus oeconomus ): implications for late Quaternary biogeography of high latitudes. Molecular Ecology, 12, 957 – 968. Buehler DM, Baker AJ ( 2005 ) Population divergence times and historical demography in red knots and dunlins. The Condor, 107, 497 – 513. Cade TJ ( 1982 ) Falcons of the World. William Collins Sons & Co. Limited, London, UK. Cade TJ ( 2006 ) The gyrfalcon. The Auk, 123, 920 – 923. Cade TJ, Koskimies P, Nielsen O ( 1998 ) Falco rusticolus Gyrfalcon. In: Birds of the Western Palearctic Update, Vol. 2, No. 1 (ed. Cramp S ), pp. 1 – 25. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. Callaghan TV, BjÖrn LO, Chernov Y et al. ( 2004 ) Effects on the structure of arctic ecosystems in the short- and long-term perspectives. Ambio, 33, 436 – 447. Clement M, Posada E, Crandall KA ( 2000 ) tcs: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Molecular Ecology, 9, 1657 – 1659. DalÉn L, Fuglei E, Hersteinsson P et al. ( 2005 ) Population history and genetic structure of a circumpolar species: the arctic fox. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84, 79 – 89. DeYoung RW, Honeycutt RL ( 2005 ) The molecular toolbox: genetic techniques in wildlife ecology and management. Journal of Wildlife Management, 69, 1362 – 1384. Emslie SD ( 1985 ) The late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) avifauna of Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming. Contributions to Geology, 23, 63 – 82. Excoffier L, Laval G, Schneider S ( 2005 ) arlequin version 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, 1, 47 – 50. Falush D, Stephens M, Pritchard JK ( 2003 ) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies. Genetics, 164, 1567 – 1587. Fedorov VB, Goropashnaya AV ( 1999 ) The importance of ice ages in diversification of Arctic collared lemmings ( Dicrostonyx ): evidence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b region. Hereditas, 130, 301 – 307. Fedorov VB, Stenseth NC ( 2002 ) Multiple glacial refugia in the North American Arctic: inference from phylogeography of the collared lemming ( Dicrostonyx groenlandicus ). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 269, 2071 – 2077. Ferguson-Lees J, Christie DA ( 2001 ) Raptors of the World. Christopher Helm, London, UK. Flann I ( 2003 ) Gyrfalcon color variation. Journal of Raptor Research, 37, 173 – 174. Goodman SJ ( 1997 ) rstcalc, a collection of computer programs for calculating estimates of genetic differentiation from microsatellite data and determining their significance. Molecular Ecology, 6, 881 – 885. Goudet J ( 1995 ) fstat (version 1.2): a computer program to calculate F -statistics. Journal of Heredity, 86, 485 – 486. Gray SM, McKinnon JS ( 2007 ) Linking color polymorphism maintenance and speciation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 22, 71 – 79. Hauser L, Seamons TR, Dauer M, Naish KA, Quinn TP ( 2006 ) An empirical verification of population assignment methods by marking and parentage data: hatchery and wild steelhead ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in Forks Creek, Washington, USA. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3157 – 3173. Hewitt GM ( 1996 ) Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 58, 247 – 276. Hewitt GM ( 1999 ) Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 87 – 112. Hewitt GM ( 2004 ) The structure of biodiversity-insights from molecular phylogeography. Frontiers in Zoology, 1, 4. Hewitt GM, Nichols RA ( 2005 ) Genetic and evolutionary impacts of climate change. In: Climate Change and Biodiversity (eds Lovejoy TE, Hannah L ), pp. 176 – 192. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Hitch AT, Leberg PL ( 2007 ) Breeding distributions of North American bird species moving north as a result of climate change. Conservation Biology, 21, 534 – 539. Hofreiter M, Serre D, Rohland N et al. ( 2004 ) Lack of phylogeography in European mammals before the last glaciation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 101, 12963 – 12968. Holder K, Montgomerie R, Friesen VL ( 1999 ) A test of the glacial refugium hypothesis using patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence variation in Rock Ptarmigan ( Lagopus mutus ). Evolution, 53, 1936 – 1950. del Hoyo J, Elliot A, Sargatal J, eds ( 1994 ) Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. Johnsen P ( 1953 ) Birds and mammals of Peary Land in North Greenland. Meddelelser om GrØnland, 128, 1 – 138. Kinnison MT, Bentzen P, Unwin MJ, Quinn TP ( 2002 ) Reconstructing recent divergence: evaluating nonequilibrium population structure in New Zealand chinook salmon. Molecular Ecology, 11, 739 – 754. Koch L ( 1925 ) Nord om GrØnland. KØvenhavn, Denmark. Latch EK, Dharmarajan G, Glaubitz JC, Rodes OE ( 2006 ) Relative performance of Bayesian clustering software for inferring population substructure and individual assignment at low levels of population differentiation. Conservation Genetics, 7, 295 – 302. Leberg PL ( 2002 ) Estimating allelic richness: effects of sample size and bottlenecks. Molecular Ecology, 11, 2445 – 2449. Lewis PO, Zaykin D ( 2001 ) genetic data analysis: Computer Program for the Analysis of Allelic Data, Version 1.0 (d16c). University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. © 2007 The Authors Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Arctic Falco Microsatellite DNA Migration MtDNA Control Region Population Genetic Structure Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Science Article 2007 ftumdeepblue https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03373.x 2023-07-31T21:01:21Z Little is known about the possible influence that past glacial events have had on the phylogeography and population structure of avian predators in the Arctic and sub-Arctic. In this study, we use microsatellite and mitochondrial control region DNA variation to investigate the population genetic structure of gyrfalcons ( Falco rusticolus ) throughout a large portion of their circumpolar distribution. In most locations sampled, the mtDNA data revealed little geographic structure; however, five out of eight mtDNA haplotypes were unique to a particular geographic area (Greenland, Iceland, or Alaska) and the Iceland population differed from others based on haplotype frequency differences ( F ST ). With the microsatellite results, significant population structure ( F ST , principal components analysis, and cluster analysis) was observed identifying Greenland and Iceland as separate populations, while Norway, Alaska and Canada were identified as a single population consistent with contemporary gene flow across Russia. Within Greenland, differing levels of gene flow between western and eastern sampling locations was indicated with apparent asymmetric dispersal in western Greenland from north to south. This dispersal bias is in agreement with the distribution of plumage colour variants with white gyrfalcons in much higher proportion in northern Greenland. Lastly, because the mtDNA control region sequence differed by only one to four nucleotides from a common haplotype among all gyrfalcons, we infer that the observed microsatellite population genetic structure has developed since the last glacial maximum. This conclusion is further supported by our finding that a closely related species, the saker falcon ( Falco cherrug ), has greater genetic heterogeneity, including mtDNA haplotypes differing by 1–16 nucleotide substitutions from a common gyrfalcon haplotype. This is consistent with gyrfalcons having expanded rapidly from a single glacial-age refugium to their current circumpolar distribution. Additional sampling of ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Falco rusticolus Greenland gyrfalcon Iceland Polar Record Alaska University of Michigan: Deep Blue Arctic Canada Greenland Norway Molecular Ecology 16 15 3145 3160 |