Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions

Climate change is altering interspecific interactions globally, yet community-level responses are difficult to predict due to both the direct and indirect effects of changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are particularly vulnerable to decreasing snow cover and res...

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Main Authors: Wilson, Evan C., Zuckerberg, Benjamin, Peery, M. Zachariah, Pauli, Jonathan N.
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:unknown
Published: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2022
Subjects:
range limits
ruffed grouse
climate change
porcupine
apparent competition
biotic interactions
camouflage mismatch
predator–prey
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Science
Arctic
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/173056
https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1509
id ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/173056
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection University of Michigan: Deep Blue
op_collection_id ftumdeepblue
language unknown
topic range limits
ruffed grouse
climate change
porcupine
apparent competition
biotic interactions
camouflage mismatch
predator–prey
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Science
spellingShingle range limits
ruffed grouse
climate change
porcupine
apparent competition
biotic interactions
camouflage mismatch
predator–prey
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Science
Wilson, Evan C.
Zuckerberg, Benjamin
Peery, M. Zachariah
Pauli, Jonathan N.
Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
topic_facet range limits
ruffed grouse
climate change
porcupine
apparent competition
biotic interactions
camouflage mismatch
predator–prey
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Science
description Climate change is altering interspecific interactions globally, yet community-level responses are difficult to predict due to both the direct and indirect effects of changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are particularly vulnerable to decreasing snow cover and resultant camouflage mismatch. This species shares a suite of predators with alternative prey species including porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), and all three species historically exhibited synchronized population dynamics. Recently, the community has become partially disassembled, notably with the loss of snowshoe hares and associated enemy-mediated indirect interactions resulting from declining snow duration. Specifically, we hypothesized that the extirpation of hares in the early 1990s indirectly increased predation pressure on ruffed grouse and porcupines. To test our hypothesis, we experimentally translocated 96 snowshoe hares to a site within a regional ecotone between northern and southern forests where snowshoe hares were recently extirpated and monitored community members before, during, and after translocation. Ruffed grouse were only loosely associated with the biotic interactions that linked porcupines and snowshoe hares, likely due to predation occurring from avian predators and strong negative direct effects of declining winter snow depths. In contrast, predation of neonate porcupines was virtually non-existent following repatriation, compared with periods without hares. This abrupt attenuation of predation did not increase overall survival due to increased non-predation mortality from cold, early spring weather. Porcupines directly benefited from warming winters: decreased snow cover increased adult survival and warmer temperatures around parturition increased maternal condition and reduced non-predation causes of mortality for neonates. Our experimental manipulation suggests that enemy-mediated indirect interactions were likely to be important features of this ...
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Wilson, Evan C.
Zuckerberg, Benjamin
Peery, M. Zachariah
Pauli, Jonathan N.
author_facet Wilson, Evan C.
Zuckerberg, Benjamin
Peery, M. Zachariah
Pauli, Jonathan N.
author_sort Wilson, Evan C.
title Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
title_short Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
title_full Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
title_fullStr Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
title_full_unstemmed Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
title_sort experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions
publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
publishDate 2022
url https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/173056
https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1509
genre Arctic
genre_facet Arctic
op_relation Wilson, Evan C.; Zuckerberg, Benjamin; Peery, M. Zachariah; Pauli, Jonathan N. (2022). "Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions." Ecological Monographs 92(3): n/a-n/a.
0012-9615
1557-7015
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/173056
doi:10.1002/ecm.1509
Ecological Monographs
Ripple, W. J., J. A. Estes, O. J. Schmitz, V. Constant, M. J. Kaylor, A. Lenz, J. L. Motley, et al. 2016. “ What Is a Trophic Cascade? ” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31: 842 – 9.
Shipley, A. A., J. Cruz, and B. Zuckerberg. 2020. “ Personality Differences in the Selection of Dynamic Refugia Have Demographic Consequences for a Winter-Adapted Bird.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287 ( 1934 ): 20200609.
Shipley, A. A., M. J. Sheriff, J. N. Pauli, and B. Zuckerberg. 2019. “ Snow Roosting Reduces Temperature-Associated Stress in a Wintering Bird.” Oecologia 190 ( 2 ): 309 – 21.
Sievert, P. R., and L. B. Keith. 1985. “ Survival of Snowshoe Hares at a Geographic Range Boundary.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 49 ( 4 ): 854 – 66.
Sikes, R. S., W. L. Gannon, D. S. Carroll, B. J. Danielson, J. W. Dragoo, M. R. Gannon, W. L. Gannon, et al. 2011. “ Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the Use of Wild Mammals in Research.” Journal of Mammalogy 92 ( 1 ): 235 – 53.
Stubben, C., B. Milligan, P. Nantel, and M. C. Stubben. 2020. “Package ‘popbio’.”
Suffice, P., M. Cheveau, L. Imbeau, M. J. Mazerolle, H. Asselin, and P. Drapeau. 2020. “ Habitat, Climate, and Fisher and Marten Distributions.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 84 ( 2 ): 277 – 92.
Sultaire, S. M., J. N. Pauli, K. J. Martin, M. W. Meyer, M. Notaro, and B. Zuckerberg. 2016. “ Climate Change Surpasses Land-Use Change in the Contracting Range Boundary of a Winter-Adapted Mammal.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283 ( 1827 ): 20153104.
Sunday, J. M., A. E. Bates, and N. K. Dulvy. 2012. “ Thermal Tolerance and the Global Redistribution of Animals.” Nature Climate Change 2 ( 9 ): 686 – 90.
Sweitzer, R. A., and J. Berger. 1993. “ Seasonal Dynamics of Mass and Body Condition in Great Basin Porcupines ( Erethizon Dorsatum ).” Journal of Mammalogy 74 ( 1 ): 198 – 203.
Sweitzer, R. A., S. H. Jenkins, and J. Berger. 1997. “ Near-Extinction of Porcupines by Mountain Lons and Consequences of Ecosystem Change in the Great Basin Desert.” Conservation Biology 11 ( 6 ): 1407 – 17.
Therneau, T. M., and T. Lumley. 2014. “Package ‘survival’.” Survival analysis Published on CRAN 2, no. 3: 119.
U.S. Geological Survey. 2019. “C6 Aqua Eastern U.S. 250 m eMODIS Remote Sensing Phenology Data.” https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PC30G1
Voigt, W., J. Perner, A. J. Davis, T. Eggers, J. Schumacher, R. Bährmann, B. Fabian, et al. 2003. “ Trophic Levels Are Differentially Sensitive to Climate.” Ecology 84 ( 9 ): 2444 – 53.
Walther, G.-R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T. J. C. Beebee, J.-M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and F. Bairlein. 2002. “ Ecological Responses to Recent Climate Change.” Nature 416 ( 6879 ): 389 – 95.
Werner, J. R., E. A. Gillis, R. Boonstra, and C. J. Krebs. 2016. “ You Can Hide but you can’t Run: Apparent Competition, Predator Responses and the Decline of Arctic Ground Squirrels in Boreal Forests of the Southwest Yukon.” PeerJ 4: e2303.
Williams, C. K., A. R. Ives, R. D. Applegate, and J. Ripa. 2004. “ The Collapse of Cycles in the Dynamics of North American Grouse Populations.” Ecology Letters 7 ( 12 ): 1135 – 42.
Williams, J. W., and S. T. Jackson. 2007. “ Novel Climates, no-Analog Communities, and Ecological Surprises.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5 ( 9 ): 475 – 82.
Wilmers, C. C., and E. Post. 2006. “ Predicting the Influence of Wolf-Provided Carrion on Scavenger Community Dynamics under Climate Change Scenarios.” Global Change Biology 12 ( 2 ): 403 – 9.
Wilson, E., B. Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. Pauli. 2022a. “Experimental Repatriation of Snowshoe Hares along a Southern Range Boundary Reveals Historical Community Interactions.” Dryad, Dataset. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj9q
Wilson, E., B. Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. Pauli. 2022b. “Experimental Repatriation of Snowshoe Hares along a Southern Range Boundary Reveals Historical Community Interactions.” Zenodo, Software. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5835253
Wilson, E. C., M. Benjamin Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. N. Pauli. 2020. “ The Past, Present and Future Impacts of Climate and Land Use Change on Snowshoe Hares along their Southern Range Boundary.” Biological Conservation 249: 108731.
Wilson, E. C., A. A. Shipley, M. Benjamin Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. N. Pauli. 2019. “ An Experimental Translocation Identifies Habitat Features that Buffer Camouflage Mismatch in Snowshoe Hares.” Conservation Letters 12 ( 2 ): e12614.
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2011. “Sandhill-Meadow Valley Work Unit Master Plan.”
Wood, S. N. 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Wootton, J. T. 1994. “ The Nature and Consequences of Indirect Effects in Ecological Communities.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 443 – 66.
Zimova, M., L. S. Mills, and J. J. Nowak. 2016. “ High Fitness Costs of Climate Change-Induced Camouflage Mismatch.” Ecology Letters 19 ( 3 ): 299 – 307.
Abrams, P. A., R. D. Holt, and J. D. Roth. 1998. “ Apparent Competition or Apparent Mutualism? Shared Predation when Populations Cycle.” Ecology 79 ( 1 ): 201 – 12.
Araújo, M. B., and M. Luoto. 2007. “ The Importance of Biotic Interactions for Modelling Species Distributions under Climate Change.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 16 ( 6 ): 743 – 53.
Arnold, T. W. 2010. “ Uninformative Parameters and Model Selection Using Akaike’s Information Criterion.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 74 ( 6 ): 1175 – 8. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01236.x
Bird Life International. “ Bonasa umbellus (spatial data).” 2018. Distributed by The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679500A131905854. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679500A131905854.en. (Downloaded on 13 August 2021).
Blois, J. L., P. L. Zarnetske, M. C. Fitzpatrick, and S. Finnegan. 2013. “ Climate Change and the Past, Present, and Future of Biotic Interactions.” Science 341 ( 6145 ): 499 – 504.
Boonstra, R., S. Boutin, T. S. Jung, C. J. Krebs, and S. Taylor. 2018. “ Impact of Rewilding, Species Introductions and Climate Change on the Structure and Function of the Yukon Boreal Forest Ecosystem.” Integrative Zoology 13 ( 2 ): 123 – 38.
Boutin, S., C. J. Krebs, R. Boonstra, M. R. T. Dale, S. J. Hannon, K. Martin, A. R. E. Sinclair, et al. 1995. “ Population Changes of the Vertebrate Community during a Snowshoe Hare Cycle in Canada’s Boreal Forest.” Oikos 74 ( 1 ): 69 – 80.
Bowman, J., D. Donovan, and R. C. Rosatte. 2006. “ Numerical Response of Fishers to Synchronous Prey Dynamics.” Journal of Mammalogy 87 ( 3 ): 480 – 4.
Brand, C. J., L. B. Keith, and C. A. Fischer. 1976. “ Lynx Responses to Changing Snowshoe Hare Densities in Central Alberta.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 40 ( 3 ): 416 – 28.
Buehler, D. A., and L. B. Keith. 1982. “ Snowshoe Hare Distribution and Habitat Use in Wisconsin.” Canadian Field-Naturalist 96 ( 1 ): 19 – 29.
Burt, D. M., G. J. Roloff, and D. R. Etter. 2016. “ Climate Factors Related to Localized Changes in Snowshoe Hare ( Lepus americanus ) Occupancy.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 95 ( 1 ): 15 – 22.
Caswell, H. 2000. Matrix Population Models, Vol 1. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.
Chaneton, E. J., and M. B. Bonsall. 2000. “ Enemy-Mediated Apparent Competition: Empirical Patterns and the Evidence.” Oikos 88 ( 2 ): 380 – 94.
Chase, J. M., P. A. Abrams, J. P. Grover, S. Diehl, P. Chesson, R. D. Holt, S. A. Richards, R. M. Nisbet, and T. J. Case. 2002. “ The Interaction between Predation and Competition: A Review and Synthesis.” Ecology Letters 5 ( 2 ): 302 – 15.
Crête, M., and S. Larivière. 2003. “ Estimating the Costs of Locomotion in Snow for Coyotes.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 81 ( 11 ): 1808 – 14.
Curtis, J. T., and R. P. McIntosh. 1951. “ An Upland Forest Continuum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin.” Ecology 32 ( 3 ): 476 – 96.
DeCesare, N. J., M. Hebblewhite, H. S. Robinson, and M. Musiani. 2010. “ Endangered, Apparently: The Role of Apparent Competition in Endangered Species Conservation.” Animal Conservation 13 ( 4 ): 353 – 62.
op_rights IndexNoFollow
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spelling ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/173056 2023-10-09T21:47:46+02:00 Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions Wilson, Evan C. Zuckerberg, Benjamin Peery, M. Zachariah Pauli, Jonathan N. 2022-08 application/pdf https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/173056 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1509 unknown John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Wilson, Evan C.; Zuckerberg, Benjamin; Peery, M. Zachariah; Pauli, Jonathan N. (2022). "Experimental repatriation of snowshoe hares along a southern range boundary reveals historical community interactions." Ecological Monographs 92(3): n/a-n/a. 0012-9615 1557-7015 https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/173056 doi:10.1002/ecm.1509 Ecological Monographs Ripple, W. J., J. A. Estes, O. J. Schmitz, V. Constant, M. J. Kaylor, A. Lenz, J. L. Motley, et al. 2016. “ What Is a Trophic Cascade? ” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31: 842 – 9. Shipley, A. A., J. Cruz, and B. Zuckerberg. 2020. “ Personality Differences in the Selection of Dynamic Refugia Have Demographic Consequences for a Winter-Adapted Bird.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287 ( 1934 ): 20200609. Shipley, A. A., M. J. Sheriff, J. N. Pauli, and B. Zuckerberg. 2019. “ Snow Roosting Reduces Temperature-Associated Stress in a Wintering Bird.” Oecologia 190 ( 2 ): 309 – 21. Sievert, P. R., and L. B. Keith. 1985. “ Survival of Snowshoe Hares at a Geographic Range Boundary.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 49 ( 4 ): 854 – 66. Sikes, R. S., W. L. Gannon, D. S. Carroll, B. J. Danielson, J. W. Dragoo, M. R. Gannon, W. L. Gannon, et al. 2011. “ Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the Use of Wild Mammals in Research.” Journal of Mammalogy 92 ( 1 ): 235 – 53. Stubben, C., B. Milligan, P. Nantel, and M. C. Stubben. 2020. “Package ‘popbio’.” Suffice, P., M. Cheveau, L. Imbeau, M. J. Mazerolle, H. Asselin, and P. Drapeau. 2020. “ Habitat, Climate, and Fisher and Marten Distributions.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 84 ( 2 ): 277 – 92. Sultaire, S. M., J. N. Pauli, K. J. Martin, M. W. Meyer, M. Notaro, and B. Zuckerberg. 2016. “ Climate Change Surpasses Land-Use Change in the Contracting Range Boundary of a Winter-Adapted Mammal.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283 ( 1827 ): 20153104. Sunday, J. M., A. E. Bates, and N. K. Dulvy. 2012. “ Thermal Tolerance and the Global Redistribution of Animals.” Nature Climate Change 2 ( 9 ): 686 – 90. Sweitzer, R. A., and J. Berger. 1993. “ Seasonal Dynamics of Mass and Body Condition in Great Basin Porcupines ( Erethizon Dorsatum ).” Journal of Mammalogy 74 ( 1 ): 198 – 203. Sweitzer, R. A., S. H. Jenkins, and J. Berger. 1997. “ Near-Extinction of Porcupines by Mountain Lons and Consequences of Ecosystem Change in the Great Basin Desert.” Conservation Biology 11 ( 6 ): 1407 – 17. Therneau, T. M., and T. Lumley. 2014. “Package ‘survival’.” Survival analysis Published on CRAN 2, no. 3: 119. U.S. Geological Survey. 2019. “C6 Aqua Eastern U.S. 250 m eMODIS Remote Sensing Phenology Data.” https://doi.org/10.5066/F7PC30G1 Voigt, W., J. Perner, A. J. Davis, T. Eggers, J. Schumacher, R. Bährmann, B. Fabian, et al. 2003. “ Trophic Levels Are Differentially Sensitive to Climate.” Ecology 84 ( 9 ): 2444 – 53. Walther, G.-R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T. J. C. Beebee, J.-M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, and F. Bairlein. 2002. “ Ecological Responses to Recent Climate Change.” Nature 416 ( 6879 ): 389 – 95. Werner, J. R., E. A. Gillis, R. Boonstra, and C. J. Krebs. 2016. “ You Can Hide but you can’t Run: Apparent Competition, Predator Responses and the Decline of Arctic Ground Squirrels in Boreal Forests of the Southwest Yukon.” PeerJ 4: e2303. Williams, C. K., A. R. Ives, R. D. Applegate, and J. Ripa. 2004. “ The Collapse of Cycles in the Dynamics of North American Grouse Populations.” Ecology Letters 7 ( 12 ): 1135 – 42. Williams, J. W., and S. T. Jackson. 2007. “ Novel Climates, no-Analog Communities, and Ecological Surprises.” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5 ( 9 ): 475 – 82. Wilmers, C. C., and E. Post. 2006. “ Predicting the Influence of Wolf-Provided Carrion on Scavenger Community Dynamics under Climate Change Scenarios.” Global Change Biology 12 ( 2 ): 403 – 9. Wilson, E., B. Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. Pauli. 2022a. “Experimental Repatriation of Snowshoe Hares along a Southern Range Boundary Reveals Historical Community Interactions.” Dryad, Dataset. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jm63xsj9q Wilson, E., B. Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. Pauli. 2022b. “Experimental Repatriation of Snowshoe Hares along a Southern Range Boundary Reveals Historical Community Interactions.” Zenodo, Software. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5835253 Wilson, E. C., M. Benjamin Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. N. Pauli. 2020. “ The Past, Present and Future Impacts of Climate and Land Use Change on Snowshoe Hares along their Southern Range Boundary.” Biological Conservation 249: 108731. Wilson, E. C., A. A. Shipley, M. Benjamin Zuckerberg, Z. Peery, and J. N. Pauli. 2019. “ An Experimental Translocation Identifies Habitat Features that Buffer Camouflage Mismatch in Snowshoe Hares.” Conservation Letters 12 ( 2 ): e12614. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 2011. “Sandhill-Meadow Valley Work Unit Master Plan.” Wood, S. N. 2006. Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall/CRC. Wootton, J. T. 1994. “ The Nature and Consequences of Indirect Effects in Ecological Communities.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 25: 443 – 66. Zimova, M., L. S. Mills, and J. J. Nowak. 2016. “ High Fitness Costs of Climate Change-Induced Camouflage Mismatch.” Ecology Letters 19 ( 3 ): 299 – 307. Abrams, P. A., R. D. Holt, and J. D. Roth. 1998. “ Apparent Competition or Apparent Mutualism? Shared Predation when Populations Cycle.” Ecology 79 ( 1 ): 201 – 12. Araújo, M. B., and M. Luoto. 2007. “ The Importance of Biotic Interactions for Modelling Species Distributions under Climate Change.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 16 ( 6 ): 743 – 53. Arnold, T. W. 2010. “ Uninformative Parameters and Model Selection Using Akaike’s Information Criterion.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 74 ( 6 ): 1175 – 8. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01236.x Bird Life International. “ Bonasa umbellus (spatial data).” 2018. Distributed by The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22679500A131905854. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679500A131905854.en. (Downloaded on 13 August 2021). Blois, J. L., P. L. Zarnetske, M. C. Fitzpatrick, and S. Finnegan. 2013. “ Climate Change and the Past, Present, and Future of Biotic Interactions.” Science 341 ( 6145 ): 499 – 504. Boonstra, R., S. Boutin, T. S. Jung, C. J. Krebs, and S. Taylor. 2018. “ Impact of Rewilding, Species Introductions and Climate Change on the Structure and Function of the Yukon Boreal Forest Ecosystem.” Integrative Zoology 13 ( 2 ): 123 – 38. Boutin, S., C. J. Krebs, R. Boonstra, M. R. T. Dale, S. J. Hannon, K. Martin, A. R. E. Sinclair, et al. 1995. “ Population Changes of the Vertebrate Community during a Snowshoe Hare Cycle in Canada’s Boreal Forest.” Oikos 74 ( 1 ): 69 – 80. Bowman, J., D. Donovan, and R. C. Rosatte. 2006. “ Numerical Response of Fishers to Synchronous Prey Dynamics.” Journal of Mammalogy 87 ( 3 ): 480 – 4. Brand, C. J., L. B. Keith, and C. A. Fischer. 1976. “ Lynx Responses to Changing Snowshoe Hare Densities in Central Alberta.” The Journal of Wildlife Management 40 ( 3 ): 416 – 28. Buehler, D. A., and L. B. Keith. 1982. “ Snowshoe Hare Distribution and Habitat Use in Wisconsin.” Canadian Field-Naturalist 96 ( 1 ): 19 – 29. Burt, D. M., G. J. Roloff, and D. R. Etter. 2016. “ Climate Factors Related to Localized Changes in Snowshoe Hare ( Lepus americanus ) Occupancy.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 95 ( 1 ): 15 – 22. Caswell, H. 2000. Matrix Population Models, Vol 1. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Chaneton, E. J., and M. B. Bonsall. 2000. “ Enemy-Mediated Apparent Competition: Empirical Patterns and the Evidence.” Oikos 88 ( 2 ): 380 – 94. Chase, J. M., P. A. Abrams, J. P. Grover, S. Diehl, P. Chesson, R. D. Holt, S. A. Richards, R. M. Nisbet, and T. J. Case. 2002. “ The Interaction between Predation and Competition: A Review and Synthesis.” Ecology Letters 5 ( 2 ): 302 – 15. Crête, M., and S. Larivière. 2003. “ Estimating the Costs of Locomotion in Snow for Coyotes.” Canadian Journal of Zoology 81 ( 11 ): 1808 – 14. Curtis, J. T., and R. P. McIntosh. 1951. “ An Upland Forest Continuum in the Prairie-Forest Border Region of Wisconsin.” Ecology 32 ( 3 ): 476 – 96. DeCesare, N. J., M. Hebblewhite, H. S. Robinson, and M. Musiani. 2010. “ Endangered, Apparently: The Role of Apparent Competition in Endangered Species Conservation.” Animal Conservation 13 ( 4 ): 353 – 62. IndexNoFollow range limits ruffed grouse climate change porcupine apparent competition biotic interactions camouflage mismatch predator–prey Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Science Article 2022 ftumdeepblue https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.150910.5066/F7PC30G110.5061/dryad.jm63xsj9q10.5281/zenodo.583525310.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01236.x10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679500A131905854.en10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8004A22213161.en10.15468/dl.f8zaj410.2305/IUCN.UK 2023-09-10T16:37:16Z Climate change is altering interspecific interactions globally, yet community-level responses are difficult to predict due to both the direct and indirect effects of changing abiotic and biotic conditions. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) are particularly vulnerable to decreasing snow cover and resultant camouflage mismatch. This species shares a suite of predators with alternative prey species including porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), and all three species historically exhibited synchronized population dynamics. Recently, the community has become partially disassembled, notably with the loss of snowshoe hares and associated enemy-mediated indirect interactions resulting from declining snow duration. Specifically, we hypothesized that the extirpation of hares in the early 1990s indirectly increased predation pressure on ruffed grouse and porcupines. To test our hypothesis, we experimentally translocated 96 snowshoe hares to a site within a regional ecotone between northern and southern forests where snowshoe hares were recently extirpated and monitored community members before, during, and after translocation. Ruffed grouse were only loosely associated with the biotic interactions that linked porcupines and snowshoe hares, likely due to predation occurring from avian predators and strong negative direct effects of declining winter snow depths. In contrast, predation of neonate porcupines was virtually non-existent following repatriation, compared with periods without hares. This abrupt attenuation of predation did not increase overall survival due to increased non-predation mortality from cold, early spring weather. Porcupines directly benefited from warming winters: decreased snow cover increased adult survival and warmer temperatures around parturition increased maternal condition and reduced non-predation causes of mortality for neonates. Our experimental manipulation suggests that enemy-mediated indirect interactions were likely to be important features of this ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic University of Michigan: Deep Blue

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