Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage

Peer Reviewed https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142099/1/ajb21486.pdf

Bibliographic Details
Published in:American Journal of Botany
Main Authors: Yang, Ya, Berry, Paul E.
Other Authors: University of Michigan Herbarium, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108‐2287 USA, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109‐1048 USA
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:unknown
Published: Botanical Society of America 2011
Subjects:
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/142099
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000496
id ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/142099
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection University of Michigan: Deep Blue
op_collection_id ftumdeepblue
language unknown
topic weeds
C4 photosynthesis
Chamaesyce
Euphorbia
Hawaiian Islands
long‐distance dispersal
low‐copy nuclear marker
reticulate evolution
short chloroplast genome inversion
Biology
Botany
Science
spellingShingle weeds
C4 photosynthesis
Chamaesyce
Euphorbia
Hawaiian Islands
long‐distance dispersal
low‐copy nuclear marker
reticulate evolution
short chloroplast genome inversion
Biology
Botany
Science
Yang, Ya
Berry, Paul E.
Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
topic_facet weeds
C4 photosynthesis
Chamaesyce
Euphorbia
Hawaiian Islands
long‐distance dispersal
low‐copy nuclear marker
reticulate evolution
short chloroplast genome inversion
Biology
Botany
Science
description Peer Reviewed https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142099/1/ajb21486.pdf
author2 University of Michigan Herbarium, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108‐2287 USA
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109‐1048 USA
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Yang, Ya
Berry, Paul E.
author_facet Yang, Ya
Berry, Paul E.
author_sort Yang, Ya
title Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
title_short Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
title_full Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
title_fullStr Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
title_full_unstemmed Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage
title_sort phylogenetics of the chamaesyce clade (euphorbia, euphorbiaceae): reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent c4 lineage
publisher Botanical Society of America
publishDate 2011
url http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/142099
https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000496
genre Arctic
genre_facet Arctic
op_relation Yang, Ya; Berry, Paul E. (2011). "Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage." American Journal of Botany 98(9): 1486-1503.
0002-9122
1537-2197
http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/142099
doi:10.3732/ajb.1000496
American Journal of Botany
Samuel, R., H. Kathriarachchi, P. Hoffmann, M. H. J. Barfuss, K. J. Wurdack, C. C. Davis, and M. W. Chase. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae: Evidence from plastid matK and nuclear PHYC sequences. American Journal of Botany 92: 132 – 141.
Posada, D., and K. A. Crandall. 1998. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817 – 818.
Prenner, G., and P. J. Rudall. 2007. Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: Exploring the organ flower inflorescence boundary. American Journal of Botany 94: 1612 – 1629.
Rambaut, A., and A. Drummond. 2007. Tracer v1.4. Computer program and documentation distributed by the author, website: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer [accessed 14 Jul 2010].
Randell, R. A., and C. W. Morden. 1999. Hawaiian Plant DNA library II: Endemic, indigenous, and introduced species. Pacific Science 53: 401 – 417.
Ronquist, F., and J. P. Huelsenbeck. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572 – 1574.
Sage, R. F., P.‐A. Christin, and E. J. Edwards. 2011a. The C 4 plant lineages of planet Earth. Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 3155 – 3169.
Sage, T. L., R. F. Sage, P. J. Vogan, B. Rahman, D. C. Johnson, J. C. Oakley, and M. A. Heckel. 2011b. The occurrence of C 2 photosynthesis in Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 3183 – 3195.
Shaw, J., E. B. Lickey, E. E. Schilling, and R. L. Small. 2007. Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: The tortoise and the hare III. American Journal of Botany 94: 275 – 288.
Simmons, M. P., and H. Ochoterena. 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence‐based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369 – 381.
Sporck, M. J., and L. Sack. 2010. Adaptive radiation of leaf venation and the meaning of disjunct veins in the C 4 Hawaiian Euphorbia. Botany 2010: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Providence, Rhode Island, USA [online abstract, website http://2010.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php ?func=detail&aid=475]
Stamatakis, A. 2006. RAxML‐VI‐HPC: Maximum likelihood‐based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688 – 2690.
Stefanovic, S., and M. Costea. 2008. Reticulate evolution in the parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae): Over and over again. Botany 86: 791 – 808.
Steinmann, V. W., and J. M. Porter. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 453 – 490.
Suzuki, N., and S. Teranishi. 2005. Phenology and life cycle of the annual, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), with multiple overlapping generations in Japan. Ecological Research 20: 425 – 432.
Taberlet, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou, and J. Bouvet. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105 – 1109.
Urbatsch, L. E., J. D. Bacon, R. L. Hartman, M. C. Johnston, Watson T. J. Jr, and G. L. Webster 1975. Chromosome numbers for North American Euphorbiaceae. American Journal of Botany 62: 494 – 500.
Urbatsch, L. E., B. G. Baldwin, and M. J. Donoghue. 2000. Phylogeny of the coneflowers and relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chlorplast DNA restriction site data. Systematic Botany 25: 539 – 565.
Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai’i, revised edition with supplement by W. L. Wagner and D. R. Herbst, 1855–1918. Bishop Museum Special Publication, vol. 97. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA.
Webster, G. L., W. V. Brown, and B. N. Smith. 1975. Systematics of photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways in Euphorbia. Taxon 24: 27 – 33.
Wheeler, L. C. 1941. Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce in Canada and the United States exclusive of southern Florida. Rhodora 43: 97 – 154, 168–205, 223–286, pls. 654–668.
White T. J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J. W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In Innis M. A., Gelfand D. H., Sninsky J. J., White T. J. [eds.], PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications, 315 – 324. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Wurdack, K. J., and C. C. Davis. 2009. Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. American Journal of Botany 96: 1551 – 1570.
Xue, H. G., S. D. Zhou, X. J. He, and Y. Yu 2007. Karyotype in fifteen populations belonging to thirteen species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 45: 619 – 626.
Ziegler, A. C. 2002. Hawaiian natural history, ecology, and evolution. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA.
Zimmermann, N., C. Ritz, and F. Hellwig. 2010. Further support for the phylogenetic relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL‐trnF IGS sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 286: 39 – 58.
Zwickl, D. J. 2006. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence data sets under the maximum likelihood criterion. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
Alvarez, I., and J. F. Wendel. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 417 – 434.
Baldwin, B. G., and W. L. Wagner. 2010. Hawaiian angiosperm radiations of North American origin. Annals of Botany 105: 849 – 879.
Ballard, H. E., and K. J. Sytsma. 2000. Evolution and biogeography of the woody Hawaiian violets ( Viola, Violaceae): Arctic origins, herbaceous ancestry and bird dispersal. Evolution 54: 1521 – 1532.
Barrier, M., B. G. Baldwin, R. H. Robichaux, and M. D. Purugganan. 1999. Interspecific hybrid ancestry of a plant adaptive radiation: Allopolyploidy of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) inferred from floral homeotic gene duplications. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1105 – 1113.
Batanouny, K., W. Stichler, and H. Ziegler. 1991. Photosynthetic pathways and ecological distribution of Euphorbia species in Egypt. Oecologia 87: 565 – 569.
Boissier E. 1862. Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum. In de Candolle A. P. [ed.], Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, vol. 15, part 2, 11 – 52. Victor Masson & Fils, Paris, France.
Brown, J. M., S. M. Hedtke, A. R. Lemmon, and E. M. Lemmon. 2010. When trees grow too long: Investigating the causes of highly inaccurate Bayesian branch‐length estimates. Systematic Biology 59: 145 – 161.
Bruyns, P. V., R. J. Mapaya, and T. Hedderson. 2006. A new subgeneric classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psbA‐trnH sequence data. Taxon 55: 397 – 420.
Burch, D. 1965. A taxonomic revision of the genus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) in the Caribbean. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Burch, D. 1969. Notes on the Galapagos Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 56: 173 – 178.
Carlquist, S. 1966. The biota of long‐distance dispersal. III. Loss of dispersibility in the Hawaiian flora. Brittonia 18: 310 – 335.
Carr, G. D. 1985. Additional chromosome numbers of Hawaiian flowering plants. Pacific Science 39: 302 – 306.
Carr G. D. 1998. Chromosome evolution and speciation in Hawaiian flowering plants. In Stuessy T. F., Ono M. [eds.], Evolution and speciation of island plants, 5 – 47. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Christin, P.‐A., R. P. Freckleton, and C. P. Osborne. 2010. Can phylogenetics identify C 4 origins and reversals? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25: 403 – 409.
Comai, L. 2005. The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nature Reviews Genetics 6: 836 – 846.
Cronn, R., M. Cedroni, T. Haselkorn, C. Grover, and J. F. Wendel. 2002. PCR‐mediated recombination in amplification products derived from polyploid cotton. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 104: 482 – 489.
Degener O., Croizat L. 1938. Chamaesyce, part 1, 2 pp., reprint with changes. In Degener O. [ed.], Flora hawaiiensis. Published privately.
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spelling ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/142099 2023-08-20T04:03:12+02:00 Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage Yang, Ya Berry, Paul E. University of Michigan Herbarium, 3600 Varsity Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108‐2287 USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 830 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109‐1048 USA 2011-09 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/142099 https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000496 unknown Botanical Society of America Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Yang, Ya; Berry, Paul E. (2011). "Phylogenetics of the Chamaesyce clade (Euphorbia, Euphorbiaceae): Reticulate evolution and long‐distance dispersal in a prominent C4 lineage." American Journal of Botany 98(9): 1486-1503. 0002-9122 1537-2197 http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/142099 doi:10.3732/ajb.1000496 American Journal of Botany Samuel, R., H. Kathriarachchi, P. Hoffmann, M. H. J. Barfuss, K. J. Wurdack, C. C. Davis, and M. W. Chase. 2005. Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae: Evidence from plastid matK and nuclear PHYC sequences. American Journal of Botany 92: 132 – 141. Posada, D., and K. A. Crandall. 1998. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817 – 818. Prenner, G., and P. J. Rudall. 2007. Comparative ontogeny of the cyathium in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and its allies: Exploring the organ flower inflorescence boundary. American Journal of Botany 94: 1612 – 1629. Rambaut, A., and A. Drummond. 2007. Tracer v1.4. Computer program and documentation distributed by the author, website: http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk/Tracer [accessed 14 Jul 2010]. Randell, R. A., and C. W. Morden. 1999. Hawaiian Plant DNA library II: Endemic, indigenous, and introduced species. Pacific Science 53: 401 – 417. Ronquist, F., and J. P. Huelsenbeck. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572 – 1574. Sage, R. F., P.‐A. Christin, and E. J. Edwards. 2011a. The C 4 plant lineages of planet Earth. Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 3155 – 3169. Sage, T. L., R. F. Sage, P. J. Vogan, B. Rahman, D. C. Johnson, J. C. Oakley, and M. A. Heckel. 2011b. The occurrence of C 2 photosynthesis in Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Experimental Botany 62: 3183 – 3195. Shaw, J., E. B. Lickey, E. E. Schilling, and R. L. Small. 2007. Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: The tortoise and the hare III. American Journal of Botany 94: 275 – 288. Simmons, M. P., and H. Ochoterena. 2000. Gaps as characters in sequence‐based phylogenetic analyses. Systematic Biology 49: 369 – 381. Sporck, M. J., and L. Sack. 2010. Adaptive radiation of leaf venation and the meaning of disjunct veins in the C 4 Hawaiian Euphorbia. Botany 2010: Annual Meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Providence, Rhode Island, USA [online abstract, website http://2010.botanyconference.org/engine/search/index.php ?func=detail&aid=475] Stamatakis, A. 2006. RAxML‐VI‐HPC: Maximum likelihood‐based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models. Bioinformatics 22: 2688 – 2690. Stefanovic, S., and M. Costea. 2008. Reticulate evolution in the parasitic genus Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae): Over and over again. Botany 86: 791 – 808. Steinmann, V. W., and J. M. Porter. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships in Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae) based on ITS and ndhF sequence data. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 453 – 490. Suzuki, N., and S. Teranishi. 2005. Phenology and life cycle of the annual, Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (Euphorbiaceae), with multiple overlapping generations in Japan. Ecological Research 20: 425 – 432. Taberlet, P., L. Gielly, G. Pautou, and J. Bouvet. 1991. Universal primers for amplification of three noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology 17: 1105 – 1109. Urbatsch, L. E., J. D. Bacon, R. L. Hartman, M. C. Johnston, Watson T. J. Jr, and G. L. Webster 1975. Chromosome numbers for North American Euphorbiaceae. American Journal of Botany 62: 494 – 500. Urbatsch, L. E., B. G. Baldwin, and M. J. Donoghue. 2000. Phylogeny of the coneflowers and relatives (Heliantheae: Asteraceae) based on nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and chlorplast DNA restriction site data. Systematic Botany 25: 539 – 565. Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai’i, revised edition with supplement by W. L. Wagner and D. R. Herbst, 1855–1918. Bishop Museum Special Publication, vol. 97. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA. Webster, G. L., W. V. Brown, and B. N. Smith. 1975. Systematics of photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways in Euphorbia. Taxon 24: 27 – 33. Wheeler, L. C. 1941. Euphorbia subgenus Chamaesyce in Canada and the United States exclusive of southern Florida. Rhodora 43: 97 – 154, 168–205, 223–286, pls. 654–668. White T. J., Bruns T., Lee S., Taylor J. W. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In Innis M. A., Gelfand D. H., Sninsky J. J., White T. J. [eds.], PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications, 315 – 324. Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA. Wurdack, K. J., and C. C. Davis. 2009. Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life. American Journal of Botany 96: 1551 – 1570. Xue, H. G., S. D. Zhou, X. J. He, and Y. Yu 2007. Karyotype in fifteen populations belonging to thirteen species of Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in China. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 45: 619 – 626. Ziegler, A. C. 2002. Hawaiian natural history, ecology, and evolution. University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, Hawai’i, USA. Zimmermann, N., C. Ritz, and F. Hellwig. 2010. Further support for the phylogenetic relationships within Euphorbia L. (Euphorbiaceae) from nrITS and trnL‐trnF IGS sequence data. Plant Systematics and Evolution 286: 39 – 58. Zwickl, D. J. 2006. Genetic algorithm approaches for the phylogenetic analysis of large biological sequence data sets under the maximum likelihood criterion. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. Alvarez, I., and J. F. Wendel. 2003. Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 29: 417 – 434. Baldwin, B. G., and W. L. Wagner. 2010. Hawaiian angiosperm radiations of North American origin. Annals of Botany 105: 849 – 879. Ballard, H. E., and K. J. Sytsma. 2000. Evolution and biogeography of the woody Hawaiian violets ( Viola, Violaceae): Arctic origins, herbaceous ancestry and bird dispersal. Evolution 54: 1521 – 1532. Barrier, M., B. G. Baldwin, R. H. Robichaux, and M. D. Purugganan. 1999. Interspecific hybrid ancestry of a plant adaptive radiation: Allopolyploidy of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) inferred from floral homeotic gene duplications. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16: 1105 – 1113. Batanouny, K., W. Stichler, and H. Ziegler. 1991. Photosynthetic pathways and ecological distribution of Euphorbia species in Egypt. Oecologia 87: 565 – 569. Boissier E. 1862. Euphorbia sect. Anisophyllum. In de Candolle A. P. [ed.], Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, vol. 15, part 2, 11 – 52. Victor Masson & Fils, Paris, France. Brown, J. M., S. M. Hedtke, A. R. Lemmon, and E. M. Lemmon. 2010. When trees grow too long: Investigating the causes of highly inaccurate Bayesian branch‐length estimates. Systematic Biology 59: 145 – 161. Bruyns, P. V., R. J. Mapaya, and T. Hedderson. 2006. A new subgeneric classification for Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) in southern Africa based on ITS and psbA‐trnH sequence data. Taxon 55: 397 – 420. Burch, D. 1965. A taxonomic revision of the genus Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) in the Caribbean. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. Burch, D. 1969. Notes on the Galapagos Euphorbieae (Euphorbiaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 56: 173 – 178. Carlquist, S. 1966. The biota of long‐distance dispersal. III. Loss of dispersibility in the Hawaiian flora. Brittonia 18: 310 – 335. Carr, G. D. 1985. Additional chromosome numbers of Hawaiian flowering plants. Pacific Science 39: 302 – 306. Carr G. D. 1998. Chromosome evolution and speciation in Hawaiian flowering plants. In Stuessy T. F., Ono M. [eds.], Evolution and speciation of island plants, 5 – 47. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Christin, P.‐A., R. P. Freckleton, and C. P. Osborne. 2010. Can phylogenetics identify C 4 origins and reversals? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25: 403 – 409. Comai, L. 2005. The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nature Reviews Genetics 6: 836 – 846. Cronn, R., M. Cedroni, T. Haselkorn, C. Grover, and J. F. Wendel. 2002. PCR‐mediated recombination in amplification products derived from polyploid cotton. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 104: 482 – 489. Degener O., Croizat L. 1938. Chamaesyce, part 1, 2 pp., reprint with changes. In Degener O. [ed.], Flora hawaiiensis. Published privately. IndexNoFollow weeds C4 photosynthesis Chamaesyce Euphorbia Hawaiian Islands long‐distance dispersal low‐copy nuclear marker reticulate evolution short chloroplast genome inversion Biology Botany Science Article 2011 ftumdeepblue https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000496 2023-07-31T20:51:09Z Peer Reviewed https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142099/1/ajb21486.pdf Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic University of Michigan: Deep Blue American Journal of Botany 98 9 1486 1503