Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012

Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100281/1/jgrc20312.pdf

Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
Main Authors: Fujisaki, Ayumi, Wang, Jia, Bai, Xuezhi, Leshkevich, George, Lofgren, Brent
Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
Language:unknown
Published: Springer 2013
Subjects:
Lake Ice
Interannual Variability
Lake Erie
Ice‐Hydrodynamic Modeling
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
Arctic
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20312
id ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/100281
record_format openpolar
institution Open Polar
collection University of Michigan: Deep Blue
op_collection_id ftumdeepblue
language unknown
topic Lake Ice
Interannual Variability
Lake Erie
Ice‐Hydrodynamic Modeling
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
spellingShingle Lake Ice
Interannual Variability
Lake Erie
Ice‐Hydrodynamic Modeling
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
Fujisaki, Ayumi
Wang, Jia
Bai, Xuezhi
Leshkevich, George
Lofgren, Brent
Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
topic_facet Lake Ice
Interannual Variability
Lake Erie
Ice‐Hydrodynamic Modeling
Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
Geological Sciences
Science
description Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100281/1/jgrc20312.pdf
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Fujisaki, Ayumi
Wang, Jia
Bai, Xuezhi
Leshkevich, George
Lofgren, Brent
author_facet Fujisaki, Ayumi
Wang, Jia
Bai, Xuezhi
Leshkevich, George
Lofgren, Brent
author_sort Fujisaki, Ayumi
title Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
title_short Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
title_full Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
title_fullStr Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
title_full_unstemmed Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
title_sort model‐simulated interannual variability of lake erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012
publisher Springer
publishDate 2013
url https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20312
genre Arctic
genre_facet Arctic
op_relation Fujisaki, Ayumi; Wang, Jia; Bai, Xuezhi; Leshkevich, George; Lofgren, Brent (2013). "Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118(9): 4286-4304. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281>
2169-9275
2169-9291
https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281
doi:10.1002/jgrc.20312
Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
Saylor, J. H., and G. S. Miller ( 1987 ), Studies of large‐scale currents in Lake Erie, 1979‐80, J. Great Lakes Res., 13 ( 4 ), 487 – 514.
Kerfoot, W. C., F. Yousef, S. A. Green, J. W. Budd, D. J. Schwab, and H. A. Vanderploeg ( 2011 ), Approaching storm: Disappearing winter bloom in Lake Michigan, J. Great Lakes Res., 36, 30 – 41.
Leon, L. F., J. Imberger, R. E. H. Smith, R. E. Hecky, D. Lam, and W. Schertzer ( 2005 ), Modeling as a tool for nutrient management in Lake Erie: A hydrodynamics study, J. Great Lakes Res., 31, 309 – 318.
Liu, P. C., and D. J. Schwab ( 1987 ), A comparison of methods for estimating u * from given u z and air‐sea temperature differences, J. Geophys. Res., 92 ( C6 ), 6488 – 6494, doi:10.1029/JC092iC06p06488.
Luo, L., J. Wang, D. Schwab, H. A. Vanderploeg, G. Leshkevich, X. Bai, H. Hu, and D. Wang ( 2012 ), Simulating the 1998 spring bloom in Lake Michigan using a coupled physical‐biological model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C10011, doi:10.1029/2012JC008216.
Magnuson, J. J. et al. ( 2000 ), Historical trends in lake and river ice in the Northern Hemisphere, Science, 289, 1743 – 1746.
Mellor, G., S. Hakkinen, T. Ezer, and R. Patchen ( 2002 ), A generalization of a sigma coordinate ocean model and an intercomparison of model vertical grids, in Ocean Forecasting: Conceptual Basis and Applications, edited by N. Pinardi and J. D. Woods, pp. 55 – 72, Springer, Berlin.
Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada ( 1982 ), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20 ( 4 ), 851 – 875.
Notaro, M., K. Holman, A. Zarrin, E. Fluck, S. Vavrus, and V. Bennington ( 2013 ), Influence of the Laurentian Great Lakes on regional climate, J. Clim., 26, 789 – 804, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐12–00140.1.
Parkinson, C. L., and W. M. Washington ( 1979 ), A large‐scale numerical model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 84 ( C1 ), 311 – 337.
Schertzer, W. M., J. H. Saylor, F. M. Boyce, D. G. Robertson, and F. Rosa ( 1987 ), Seasonal thermal cycle of Lake Erie, J. Great Lakes Res., 14 ( 4 ), 468 – 486.
Schwab, D. J., and K. W. Bedford ( 1999 ), The Great Lakes forecasting system, coastal and estuarine studies, Coastal Ocean Predict., 56, 157 – 173, doi:10.1029/CE056p0157.
Schwab, D. J., and D. Beletsky ( 2003 ), Relative effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large‐scale circulation in Lake Michigan, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C2 ), 3044, doi:10.1029/2001JC001066,2003.
Schwab, D. J., D. Beletsky, J. Depinto, and D. M. Dolan ( 2009 ), A hydrodynamic approach to modeling phosphorus distribution in Lake Erie, J. Great Lakes Res., 35, 50 – 60.
Semtner, A. J. ( 1976 ), A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379 – 389, doi:10.1175/1520‐0485(1976)006 <0379:AMFTTG>2.0.CO;2.
Thorndike, A. S., D. A. Rothrock, G. A. Maykut, and R. Colony ( 1975 ), The thickness distribution of Sea Ice, J. Geophys. Res. 80 ( 33 ), 4501 – 4513.
Vanderploeg, H. A., S. J. Bolsenga, G. L. Fahnenstiel, J. R. Liebig, and W. S. Gardner ( 1992 ), Plankton ecology in an ice‐covered bay of Lake Michigan: Utilization of a winter phytoplankton bloom by reproducing copepods, Hydrobiologia, 243/244, 175 – 198.
Wadhams, P. ( 2002 ), Ice in the Ocean, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam.
Wang, J. ( 1996 ), Global linear stability of the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations: Application of the distributive theorem of roots for polynomials on the unit circle, Mon. Weather Rev., 124 ( 6 ), 1301 – 1310.
Wang, J., X. Bai, G. A. Leshkevich, M. Colton, A. Clites, and B. Lofgren ( 2010a ), Severe ice cover on Great Lakes during winter 2008–2009, Eos Trans. AGU, 91 ( 5 ), 41 – 42.
Wang, J., H. Hu, D. J. Schwab, G. A. Leshkevich, D. Beletsky, N. Hawley, and A. Clites ( 2010b ), Development of the Great Lakes Ice‐circulation Model (GLIM): Application to Lake Erie in 2003–2004, J. Great Lakes Res., 36, 425 – 436.
Wang, J., X. Bai, H. Hu, A. Clites, M. Colton, and B. Lofgren ( 2012a ), Temporal and spatial variability of Great Lakes ice cover, 1973–2010, J. Clim., 25, 1318 – 1329, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4066.1.
Wang, J., R. A. Assel, S. Walterscheid, A. Clites, and X. Bai ( 2012b ), Great lakes ice climatology update: Winter 2006–2011 description of the digital ice cover data set, NOAA Tech. Memor. GLERL‐155, pp. 37, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. [Available at http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/pgs/glice/glice.html.]
White, B., J. Austin, and K. Matsumoto ( 2012 ), A three dimensional model of Lake Superior with ice and biogeochemistry, J. Great Lakes Res., 30 ( 1 ), 61 – 71.
Assel, R. A., S. Drobrot, and T. E. Croley ( 2004 ), Improving 30‐day Great Lakes ice cover outlooks, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 713 – 717.
Austin, J. A., and S. M. Colman ( 2007 ), Lake Superior summer water temperatures are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperatures: A positive ice‐albedo feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06604, doi:10.1029/2006GL029021.
Niimi, A. J. ( 1982 ), Economic and environmental issues of the proposed extension of the winter navigation season and improvements on the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence Seaway system, J. Great Lakes Res., 8, 532 – 549.
Bai, X., J. Wang, Q. Liu, D. Wang, and Y. Liu ( 2011 ), Severe ice conditions in the Bohai Sea, China and mild ice conditions in the Great Lakes during the 2009/10 winter: Links to El Niño and a strong negative arctic oscillation, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 50, 1922 – 1935, doi:10.1175/2011JAMC2675.1.
Bai, X., J. Wang, C. Sellinger, A. Clites, and R. A. Assel ( 2012 ), Interannual variability of Great Lakes ice cover and its relationship to NAO and ENSO, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C03002, doi:10.1029/2010JC006932.
Bai, X., J. Wang, D. J. Schwab, Y. Yang, L. Luo, G. A. Leshkevich, and S. Liu ( 2013 ), Modeling 1993–2008 climatology of seasonal general circulation and thermal structure in the Great Lakes using FVCOM, Ocean Modell., 65, 40 – 63, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.02.003.
Beletsky, D., and D. J. Schwab ( 2001 ), Modeling circulation and thermal structure in Lake Michigan: Annual cycle and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 106 ( C9 ), 19,745 – 19,771.
Beletsky, D., J. H. Saylor, and D. J. Schwab ( 1999 ), Mean circulation in the Great Lakes, J. Great Lakes Res., 25 ( 1 ), 78 – 93.
Beletsky, D., D. J. Schwab, P. J. Roebber, and M. J. McCormick ( 2003 ), Modeling wind‐driven circulation during the March 1998 sediment resuspension event in Lake Michigan, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C2 ), 3038, doi:10.1029/2001JC001159.
Beletsky, D., N. Hawley, Y. R. Rao, H. A. Vanderploeg, R. Beletsky, D. J. Schwab, and S. A. Ruberg ( 2012 ), Summer thermal structure and anticyclonic circulation of Lake Erie, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06605, doi:10.1029/2012GL51002.
Bennett, J. R. ( 1974 ), On the dynamics of wind‐driven lake currents, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 400 – 414.
Bennington, V., G. A. Mckinley, N. Kimura, and C. H. Wu ( 2010 ), General circulation of Lake Superior: Mean, variability, and trends from 1979 to 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12015, doi:10.1029/2010JC006261.
Bolsenga, S. J. ( 1988 ), Nearshore Great Lakes ice cover, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 15, 99 – 105, doi:10.1016/0165–232X(88)90057‐2.
Craig, P. D., and M. L. Banner ( 1994 ), Modeling wave‐enhanced turbulence in the ocean surface layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2546 – 2559.
Desai, A. R., J. A. Austin, V. Bennington, and G. A. McKinley ( 2009 ), Stronger winds over a large lake in response to weakening air‐to‐lake temperature gradient, Nat. Geosci., 2, 855 – 858, doi:10.1038/NGEO693.
Dupont, F., P. Chittibabu, V. Fortin, Y. R. Rao, and Y. Lu ( 2012 ), Assessment of a NEMO‐based hydrodynamic modeling system for the Great Lakes, Water Qual. Res. J. Can., 47 ( 3-4 ), 198 – 214, doi:10.2166/wqrjc.2012.014.
Emery, K. O., and G. T. Csanady ( 1973 ), Surface circulation of lakes and nearly land‐locked seas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 70 ( 1 ), 93 – 97.
Fujisaki, A., J. Wang, D. J. Schwab, H. Hu, N. Hawley, and Y. R. Rao ( 2012 ), A modeling study of ice‐water processes for Lake Erie, J. Great Lakes Res., 38, 585 – 599, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2012.09.021.
Gerbush, M. R., D. A. R. Kristovich, and N. F. Laird ( 2008 ), Mesoscale boundary layer heat flux variations over pack ice‐covered Lake Erie, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 668 – 682.
Hibler, W. D. ( 1979 ), Dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9 ( 4 ), 815 – 846.
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spelling ftumdeepblue:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/100281 2023-08-20T04:03:12+02:00 Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012 Fujisaki, Ayumi Wang, Jia Bai, Xuezhi Leshkevich, George Lofgren, Brent 2013-09 application/pdf https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20312 unknown Springer Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Fujisaki, Ayumi; Wang, Jia; Bai, Xuezhi; Leshkevich, George; Lofgren, Brent (2013). "Model‐simulated interannual variability of Lake Erie ice cover, circulation, and thermal structure in response to atmospheric forcing, 2003–2012." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118(9): 4286-4304. <http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281> 2169-9275 2169-9291 https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/100281 doi:10.1002/jgrc.20312 Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Saylor, J. H., and G. S. Miller ( 1987 ), Studies of large‐scale currents in Lake Erie, 1979‐80, J. Great Lakes Res., 13 ( 4 ), 487 – 514. Kerfoot, W. C., F. Yousef, S. A. Green, J. W. Budd, D. J. Schwab, and H. A. Vanderploeg ( 2011 ), Approaching storm: Disappearing winter bloom in Lake Michigan, J. Great Lakes Res., 36, 30 – 41. Leon, L. F., J. Imberger, R. E. H. Smith, R. E. Hecky, D. Lam, and W. Schertzer ( 2005 ), Modeling as a tool for nutrient management in Lake Erie: A hydrodynamics study, J. Great Lakes Res., 31, 309 – 318. Liu, P. C., and D. J. Schwab ( 1987 ), A comparison of methods for estimating u * from given u z and air‐sea temperature differences, J. Geophys. Res., 92 ( C6 ), 6488 – 6494, doi:10.1029/JC092iC06p06488. Luo, L., J. Wang, D. Schwab, H. A. Vanderploeg, G. Leshkevich, X. Bai, H. Hu, and D. Wang ( 2012 ), Simulating the 1998 spring bloom in Lake Michigan using a coupled physical‐biological model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C10011, doi:10.1029/2012JC008216. Magnuson, J. J. et al. ( 2000 ), Historical trends in lake and river ice in the Northern Hemisphere, Science, 289, 1743 – 1746. Mellor, G., S. Hakkinen, T. Ezer, and R. Patchen ( 2002 ), A generalization of a sigma coordinate ocean model and an intercomparison of model vertical grids, in Ocean Forecasting: Conceptual Basis and Applications, edited by N. Pinardi and J. D. Woods, pp. 55 – 72, Springer, Berlin. Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada ( 1982 ), Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems, Rev. Geophys., 20 ( 4 ), 851 – 875. Notaro, M., K. Holman, A. Zarrin, E. Fluck, S. Vavrus, and V. Bennington ( 2013 ), Influence of the Laurentian Great Lakes on regional climate, J. Clim., 26, 789 – 804, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI‐D‐12–00140.1. Parkinson, C. L., and W. M. Washington ( 1979 ), A large‐scale numerical model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 84 ( C1 ), 311 – 337. Schertzer, W. M., J. H. Saylor, F. M. Boyce, D. G. Robertson, and F. Rosa ( 1987 ), Seasonal thermal cycle of Lake Erie, J. Great Lakes Res., 14 ( 4 ), 468 – 486. Schwab, D. J., and K. W. Bedford ( 1999 ), The Great Lakes forecasting system, coastal and estuarine studies, Coastal Ocean Predict., 56, 157 – 173, doi:10.1029/CE056p0157. Schwab, D. J., and D. Beletsky ( 2003 ), Relative effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large‐scale circulation in Lake Michigan, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C2 ), 3044, doi:10.1029/2001JC001066,2003. Schwab, D. J., D. Beletsky, J. Depinto, and D. M. Dolan ( 2009 ), A hydrodynamic approach to modeling phosphorus distribution in Lake Erie, J. Great Lakes Res., 35, 50 – 60. Semtner, A. J. ( 1976 ), A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 6, 379 – 389, doi:10.1175/1520‐0485(1976)006 <0379:AMFTTG>2.0.CO;2. Thorndike, A. S., D. A. Rothrock, G. A. Maykut, and R. Colony ( 1975 ), The thickness distribution of Sea Ice, J. Geophys. Res. 80 ( 33 ), 4501 – 4513. Vanderploeg, H. A., S. J. Bolsenga, G. L. Fahnenstiel, J. R. Liebig, and W. S. Gardner ( 1992 ), Plankton ecology in an ice‐covered bay of Lake Michigan: Utilization of a winter phytoplankton bloom by reproducing copepods, Hydrobiologia, 243/244, 175 – 198. Wadhams, P. ( 2002 ), Ice in the Ocean, Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam. Wang, J. ( 1996 ), Global linear stability of the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations: Application of the distributive theorem of roots for polynomials on the unit circle, Mon. Weather Rev., 124 ( 6 ), 1301 – 1310. Wang, J., X. Bai, G. A. Leshkevich, M. Colton, A. Clites, and B. Lofgren ( 2010a ), Severe ice cover on Great Lakes during winter 2008–2009, Eos Trans. AGU, 91 ( 5 ), 41 – 42. Wang, J., H. Hu, D. J. Schwab, G. A. Leshkevich, D. Beletsky, N. Hawley, and A. Clites ( 2010b ), Development of the Great Lakes Ice‐circulation Model (GLIM): Application to Lake Erie in 2003–2004, J. Great Lakes Res., 36, 425 – 436. Wang, J., X. Bai, H. Hu, A. Clites, M. Colton, and B. Lofgren ( 2012a ), Temporal and spatial variability of Great Lakes ice cover, 1973–2010, J. Clim., 25, 1318 – 1329, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4066.1. Wang, J., R. A. Assel, S. Walterscheid, A. Clites, and X. Bai ( 2012b ), Great lakes ice climatology update: Winter 2006–2011 description of the digital ice cover data set, NOAA Tech. Memor. GLERL‐155, pp. 37, NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. [Available at http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/data/pgs/glice/glice.html.] White, B., J. Austin, and K. Matsumoto ( 2012 ), A three dimensional model of Lake Superior with ice and biogeochemistry, J. Great Lakes Res., 30 ( 1 ), 61 – 71. Assel, R. A., S. Drobrot, and T. E. Croley ( 2004 ), Improving 30‐day Great Lakes ice cover outlooks, J. Hydrometeorol., 5, 713 – 717. Austin, J. A., and S. M. Colman ( 2007 ), Lake Superior summer water temperatures are increasing more rapidly than regional air temperatures: A positive ice‐albedo feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06604, doi:10.1029/2006GL029021. Niimi, A. J. ( 1982 ), Economic and environmental issues of the proposed extension of the winter navigation season and improvements on the Great Lakes‐St. Lawrence Seaway system, J. Great Lakes Res., 8, 532 – 549. Bai, X., J. Wang, Q. Liu, D. Wang, and Y. Liu ( 2011 ), Severe ice conditions in the Bohai Sea, China and mild ice conditions in the Great Lakes during the 2009/10 winter: Links to El Niño and a strong negative arctic oscillation, J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim., 50, 1922 – 1935, doi:10.1175/2011JAMC2675.1. Bai, X., J. Wang, C. Sellinger, A. Clites, and R. A. Assel ( 2012 ), Interannual variability of Great Lakes ice cover and its relationship to NAO and ENSO, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C03002, doi:10.1029/2010JC006932. Bai, X., J. Wang, D. J. Schwab, Y. Yang, L. Luo, G. A. Leshkevich, and S. Liu ( 2013 ), Modeling 1993–2008 climatology of seasonal general circulation and thermal structure in the Great Lakes using FVCOM, Ocean Modell., 65, 40 – 63, doi:10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.02.003. Beletsky, D., and D. J. Schwab ( 2001 ), Modeling circulation and thermal structure in Lake Michigan: Annual cycle and interannual variability, J. Geophys. Res., 106 ( C9 ), 19,745 – 19,771. Beletsky, D., J. H. Saylor, and D. J. Schwab ( 1999 ), Mean circulation in the Great Lakes, J. Great Lakes Res., 25 ( 1 ), 78 – 93. Beletsky, D., D. J. Schwab, P. J. Roebber, and M. J. McCormick ( 2003 ), Modeling wind‐driven circulation during the March 1998 sediment resuspension event in Lake Michigan, J. Geophys. Res., 108 ( C2 ), 3038, doi:10.1029/2001JC001159. Beletsky, D., N. Hawley, Y. R. Rao, H. A. Vanderploeg, R. Beletsky, D. J. Schwab, and S. A. Ruberg ( 2012 ), Summer thermal structure and anticyclonic circulation of Lake Erie, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L06605, doi:10.1029/2012GL51002. Bennett, J. R. ( 1974 ), On the dynamics of wind‐driven lake currents, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 4, 400 – 414. Bennington, V., G. A. Mckinley, N. Kimura, and C. H. Wu ( 2010 ), General circulation of Lake Superior: Mean, variability, and trends from 1979 to 2006, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12015, doi:10.1029/2010JC006261. Bolsenga, S. J. ( 1988 ), Nearshore Great Lakes ice cover, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 15, 99 – 105, doi:10.1016/0165–232X(88)90057‐2. Craig, P. D., and M. L. Banner ( 1994 ), Modeling wave‐enhanced turbulence in the ocean surface layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2546 – 2559. Desai, A. R., J. A. Austin, V. Bennington, and G. A. McKinley ( 2009 ), Stronger winds over a large lake in response to weakening air‐to‐lake temperature gradient, Nat. Geosci., 2, 855 – 858, doi:10.1038/NGEO693. Dupont, F., P. Chittibabu, V. Fortin, Y. R. Rao, and Y. Lu ( 2012 ), Assessment of a NEMO‐based hydrodynamic modeling system for the Great Lakes, Water Qual. Res. J. Can., 47 ( 3-4 ), 198 – 214, doi:10.2166/wqrjc.2012.014. Emery, K. O., and G. T. Csanady ( 1973 ), Surface circulation of lakes and nearly land‐locked seas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 70 ( 1 ), 93 – 97. Fujisaki, A., J. Wang, D. J. Schwab, H. Hu, N. Hawley, and Y. R. Rao ( 2012 ), A modeling study of ice‐water processes for Lake Erie, J. Great Lakes Res., 38, 585 – 599, doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2012.09.021. Gerbush, M. R., D. A. R. Kristovich, and N. F. Laird ( 2008 ), Mesoscale boundary layer heat flux variations over pack ice‐covered Lake Erie, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 47, 668 – 682. Hibler, W. D. ( 1979 ), Dynamic thermodynamic sea ice model, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 9 ( 4 ), 815 – 846. IndexNoFollow Lake Ice Interannual Variability Lake Erie Ice‐Hydrodynamic Modeling Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Geological Sciences Science Article 2013 ftumdeepblue https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.2031210.1029/JC092iC06p0648810.1029/2012JC00821610.1175/JCLI‐D‐12–00140.110.1029/CE056p015710.1029/2001JC001066,200310.1175/1520‐0485(1976)00610.1175/2011JCLI4066.110.1029/2006GL02902110.1175/2011JAMC2675.110.1029/2010JC006932 2023-07-31T21:12:46Z Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/100281/1/jgrc20312.pdf Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic University of Michigan: Deep Blue Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 118 9 4286 4304

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