Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland)
The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland, emitted ∼11 Tg of SO 2 into the troposphere over 6 months, and caused one of the most intense and widespread volcanogenic air pollution events in centuries. This study provides a number of source terms for characterisation of plumes in large fissure erupt...
Published in: | Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
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Online Access: | https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/81413f96-de34-46ef-93b7-936a1177f0be https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 |
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ftumanchesterpub:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/81413f96-de34-46ef-93b7-936a1177f0be 2023-11-12T04:19:06+01:00 Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Schmidt, Anja Mather, Tamsin A. Pope, Francis D. Witham, Claire Baxter, Peter Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Pfeffer, Melissa Barsotti, Sara Singh, Ajit Sanderson, Paul Bergsson, Baldur McCormick Kilbride, Brendan Donovan, Amy Peters, Nial Oppenheimer, Clive Edmonds, Marie 2017-08-15 https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/81413f96-de34-46ef-93b7-936a1177f0be https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 eng eng info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Ilyinskaya , E , Schmidt , A , Mather , T A , Pope , F D , Witham , C , Baxter , P , Jóhannsson , T , Pfeffer , M , Barsotti , S , Singh , A , Sanderson , P , Bergsson , B , McCormick Kilbride , B , Donovan , A , Peters , N , Oppenheimer , C & Edmonds , M 2017 , ' Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions : Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) ' , Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol. 472 , pp. 309-322 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 air quality environment Iceland volcanic emissions volcanic eruption volcanic plume article 2017 ftumanchesterpub https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 2023-10-30T09:14:21Z The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland, emitted ∼11 Tg of SO 2 into the troposphere over 6 months, and caused one of the most intense and widespread volcanogenic air pollution events in centuries. This study provides a number of source terms for characterisation of plumes in large fissure eruptions, in Iceland and elsewhere. We characterised the chemistry of aerosol particle matter (PM) and gas in the Holuhraun plume, and its evolution as the plume dispersed, both via measurements and modelling. The plume was sampled at the eruptive vent, and in two populated areas in Iceland. The plume caused repeated air pollution events, exceeding hourly air quality standards (350 μg/m 3 ) for SO 2 on 88 occasions in Reykjahlíð town (100 km distance), and 34 occasions in Reykjavík capital area (250 km distance). Average daily concentration of volcanogenic PM sulphate exceeded 5 μg/m 3 on 30 days in Reykjavík capital area, which is the maximum concentration measured during non-eruptive background interval. There are currently no established air quality standards for sulphate. Combining the results from direct sampling and dispersion modelling, we identified two types of plume impacting the downwind populated areas. The first type was characterised by high concentrations of both SO 2 and S-bearing PM, with a high S gas /S PM mass ratio (SO 2(g) /SO 4 2− (PM) > 10). The second type had a low S gas /S PM ratio (<10). We suggest that this second type was a mature plume where sulphur had undergone significant gas-to-aerosol conversion in the atmosphere. Both types of plume were rich in fine aerosol (predominantly PM 1 and PM 2.5 ), sulphate (on average ∼90% of the PM mass) and various trace species, including heavy metals. The fine size of the volcanic PM mass (75–80% in PM 2.5 ), and the high environmental lability of its chemical components have potential adverse implications for environmental and health impacts. However, only the dispersion of volcanic SO 2 was forecast in public warnings and operationally monitored ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Reykjavík Reykjavík The University of Manchester: Research Explorer Earth and Planetary Science Letters 472 309 322 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
The University of Manchester: Research Explorer |
op_collection_id |
ftumanchesterpub |
language |
English |
topic |
air quality environment Iceland volcanic emissions volcanic eruption volcanic plume |
spellingShingle |
air quality environment Iceland volcanic emissions volcanic eruption volcanic plume Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Schmidt, Anja Mather, Tamsin A. Pope, Francis D. Witham, Claire Baxter, Peter Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Pfeffer, Melissa Barsotti, Sara Singh, Ajit Sanderson, Paul Bergsson, Baldur McCormick Kilbride, Brendan Donovan, Amy Peters, Nial Oppenheimer, Clive Edmonds, Marie Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
topic_facet |
air quality environment Iceland volcanic emissions volcanic eruption volcanic plume |
description |
The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland, emitted ∼11 Tg of SO 2 into the troposphere over 6 months, and caused one of the most intense and widespread volcanogenic air pollution events in centuries. This study provides a number of source terms for characterisation of plumes in large fissure eruptions, in Iceland and elsewhere. We characterised the chemistry of aerosol particle matter (PM) and gas in the Holuhraun plume, and its evolution as the plume dispersed, both via measurements and modelling. The plume was sampled at the eruptive vent, and in two populated areas in Iceland. The plume caused repeated air pollution events, exceeding hourly air quality standards (350 μg/m 3 ) for SO 2 on 88 occasions in Reykjahlíð town (100 km distance), and 34 occasions in Reykjavík capital area (250 km distance). Average daily concentration of volcanogenic PM sulphate exceeded 5 μg/m 3 on 30 days in Reykjavík capital area, which is the maximum concentration measured during non-eruptive background interval. There are currently no established air quality standards for sulphate. Combining the results from direct sampling and dispersion modelling, we identified two types of plume impacting the downwind populated areas. The first type was characterised by high concentrations of both SO 2 and S-bearing PM, with a high S gas /S PM mass ratio (SO 2(g) /SO 4 2− (PM) > 10). The second type had a low S gas /S PM ratio (<10). We suggest that this second type was a mature plume where sulphur had undergone significant gas-to-aerosol conversion in the atmosphere. Both types of plume were rich in fine aerosol (predominantly PM 1 and PM 2.5 ), sulphate (on average ∼90% of the PM mass) and various trace species, including heavy metals. The fine size of the volcanic PM mass (75–80% in PM 2.5 ), and the high environmental lability of its chemical components have potential adverse implications for environmental and health impacts. However, only the dispersion of volcanic SO 2 was forecast in public warnings and operationally monitored ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Schmidt, Anja Mather, Tamsin A. Pope, Francis D. Witham, Claire Baxter, Peter Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Pfeffer, Melissa Barsotti, Sara Singh, Ajit Sanderson, Paul Bergsson, Baldur McCormick Kilbride, Brendan Donovan, Amy Peters, Nial Oppenheimer, Clive Edmonds, Marie |
author_facet |
Ilyinskaya, Evgenia Schmidt, Anja Mather, Tamsin A. Pope, Francis D. Witham, Claire Baxter, Peter Jóhannsson, Thorsteinn Pfeffer, Melissa Barsotti, Sara Singh, Ajit Sanderson, Paul Bergsson, Baldur McCormick Kilbride, Brendan Donovan, Amy Peters, Nial Oppenheimer, Clive Edmonds, Marie |
author_sort |
Ilyinskaya, Evgenia |
title |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_short |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_full |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_fullStr |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_sort |
understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions:aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 holuhraun eruption (iceland) |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/81413f96-de34-46ef-93b7-936a1177f0be https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 |
genre |
Iceland Reykjavík Reykjavík |
genre_facet |
Iceland Reykjavík Reykjavík |
op_source |
Ilyinskaya , E , Schmidt , A , Mather , T A , Pope , F D , Witham , C , Baxter , P , Jóhannsson , T , Pfeffer , M , Barsotti , S , Singh , A , Sanderson , P , Bergsson , B , McCormick Kilbride , B , Donovan , A , Peters , N , Oppenheimer , C & Edmonds , M 2017 , ' Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions : Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) ' , Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol. 472 , pp. 309-322 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.05.025 |
container_title |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
container_volume |
472 |
container_start_page |
309 |
op_container_end_page |
322 |
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1782335612484845568 |