Brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in the marine atmosphere from Southeast Asia toward Antarctica

• Published in: Environmental Science & Technology
• Main Authors: Möller, Axel, Xie, Zhiyong, Cai, Minghong, Sturm, Renate, Ebinghaus, Ralf
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2012
• Subjects: /dk/atira/pure/core/keywords/559804261; Chemistry; Antarctica; Atmospheric emission; Atmospheric transport; Bde-209; Brominated flame retardants; Brominated flame retardants (BFRs); Continental air mass; Dechlorane plus; Elevated concentrations; Hexabromobenzene; Higher temperatures; Indian ocean; Long range transport; Marine atmosphere; Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDEs); Southeast Asia; Southern ocean; Temperature dependence; Temperature range; Volatilization process; Southern Ocean; Indian; Antarc*
• Online Access: http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/brominated-flame-retardants-and-dechlorane-plus-in-the-marine-atmosphere-from-southeast-asia-toward-antarctica(dbfd206e-623b-46da-b844-0add462c2874).html; https://doi.org/10.1021/es300138q; https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84858638752&origin=inward&txGid=0

The occurrence, distribution, and temperature dependence in the marine atmosphere of several alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs), Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated during a sampling cruise from the East Indian Archipelago toward the Indian Ocean and further to the Southern Ocean. Elevated concentrations were observed over the East Indian Archipelago, especially of the non-PBDE BFR hexabromobenzene (HBB) with concentrations up to 26 pg m -3 which were found to be related to continental air masses from the East Indian Archipelago. Other alternative BFRs- pentabromotoulene (PBT), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and 2,3-dibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE)-were elevated, too, with concentrations up to 2.8, 4.3, and 2.3 pg m -3 , respectively. DP was detected from 0.26 to 11 pg m -3 and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)- tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) ranged from not detected (nd) to 2.8 pg m -3 , respectively. PBDEs ranged from nd to 6.6 pg m -3 (∑ 10 PBDEs) with the highest individual concentrations for BDE-209. The approach of Clausius-Clapeyron (CC) plots indicates that HBB is dominated by long-range atmospheric transport at lower temperatures over the Indian and Southern Ocean, while volatilization processes and additional atmospheric emissions dominate at higher temperatures. In contrast, BDE-28 and -47 are dominated by long-range transport without fresh emissions over the entire cruise transect and temperature range, indicating limited fresh emissions of the meanwhile classic PBDEs.