Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity
Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Impe...
Published in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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National Academy of Sciences
2018
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc |
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ftuloxford:oai:ora.ox.ac.uk:uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc 2023-05-15T15:07:35+02:00 Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity McConnell, JR Wilson, AI Stohl, A Arienzo, M Chellman, N Eckhardt, S Thompson, E Pollard, AM Steffensen, JP 2018-04-24 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc eng eng National Academy of Sciences doi:10.1073/pnas.1721818115 https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Journal article 2018 ftuloxford https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 2022-06-28T20:20:19Z Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague. Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Greenland ORA - Oxford University Research Archive Arctic Greenland Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 22 5726 5731 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
ORA - Oxford University Research Archive |
op_collection_id |
ftuloxford |
language |
English |
description |
Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects midlatitude emissions from ancient lead–silver mining and smelting. The few reported measurements have been extrapolated to infer the performance of ancient economies, including comparisons of economic productivity and growth during the Roman Republican and Imperial periods. These studies were based on sparse sampling and inaccurate dating, limiting understanding of trends and specific linkages. Here we show, using a precisely dated record of estimated lead emissions between 1100 BCE and 800 CE derived from subannually resolved measurements in Greenland ice and detailed atmospheric transport modeling, that annual European lead emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion, accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula, and reached a maximum under the Roman Empire. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability particularly during the Roman Republic, and plunged coincident with two major plagues in the second and third centuries, remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies. Our results indicate sustained economic growth during the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, terminated by the second-century Antonine plague. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
McConnell, JR Wilson, AI Stohl, A Arienzo, M Chellman, N Eckhardt, S Thompson, E Pollard, AM Steffensen, JP |
spellingShingle |
McConnell, JR Wilson, AI Stohl, A Arienzo, M Chellman, N Eckhardt, S Thompson, E Pollard, AM Steffensen, JP Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
author_facet |
McConnell, JR Wilson, AI Stohl, A Arienzo, M Chellman, N Eckhardt, S Thompson, E Pollard, AM Steffensen, JP |
author_sort |
McConnell, JR |
title |
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
title_short |
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
title_full |
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
title_fullStr |
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
title_full_unstemmed |
Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
title_sort |
lead pollution recorded in greenland ice indicates european emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity |
publisher |
National Academy of Sciences |
publishDate |
2018 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc |
geographic |
Arctic Greenland |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Greenland |
genre |
Arctic Greenland |
genre_facet |
Arctic Greenland |
op_relation |
doi:10.1073/pnas.1721818115 https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5ce950a-14b5-4071-8d29-2929845ee0dc https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721818115 |
container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
container_volume |
115 |
container_issue |
22 |
container_start_page |
5726 |
op_container_end_page |
5731 |
_version_ |
1766339062611836928 |