Shaping the gradients driving phoretic micro-swimmers: influence of swimming speed, budget of carbonic acid and environment

• Main Authors: Möller, Nadir, Liebchen, Benno, Palberg, Thomas
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Springer 2024
• Subjects: Carbonic acid
• Online Access: http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/23596/; https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/23596/1/s10189-021-00026-9.pdf; https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/23596/3/10189_2021_26_MOESM1_ESM.docx; https://doi.org/10.26083/tuprints-00023596

pH gradient-driven modular micro-swimmers are investigated as a model for a large variety of quasi-two-dimensional chemi-phoretic self-propelled entities. Using three-channel micro-photometry, we obtain a precise large field mapping of pH at a spatial resolution of a few microns and a pH resolution of ∼0.02pH units for swimmers of different velocities propelling on two differently charged substrates. We model our results in terms of solutions of the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation for a 1:1 electrolyte, i.e. carbonic acid, which is produced by ion exchange and consumed by equilibration with dissolved CO₂. We demonstrate the dependence of gradient shape and steepness on swimmer speed, diffusivity of chemicals, as well as the fuel budget. Moreover, we experimentally observe a subtle, but significant feedback of the swimmer’s immediate environment in terms of a substrate charge-mediated solvent convection. We discuss our findings in view of different recent results from other micro-fluidic or active matter investigations. We anticipate that they are relevant for quantitative modelling and targeted applications of diffusio-phoretic flows in general and artificial micro-swimmers in particular.