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spelling ftuisanist:oai:scholarworks.unist.ac.kr:201301/3904 2023-05-15T18:18:57+02:00 The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile Williamson, David L. Blackburn, Michael Nakajima, Kensuke Ohfuchi, Wataru Takahashi, Yoshiyuki O. Hayashi, Yoshi-Yuki Nakamura, Hisashi Ishiwatari, Masaki McGregor, John L. Borth, Hartmut Wirth, Volkmar Frank, Helmut Bechtold, Peter Wedi, Nils P. Tomita, Hirofumi Satoh, Masaki Zhao, Ming Held, Isaac M. Suarez, Max J. Lee, Myong-In Watanabe, Masahiro Kimoto, Masahide Liu, Yimin Wang, Zaizhi Molod, Andrea Rajendran, Kavirajan Kitoh, Akio Stratton, Rachel 2013-10 https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/3904 http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84886797342 https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2013-A03 ENG eng METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, v.91, no.1 A, pp.57 - 89 0026-1165 https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/3904 http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84886797342 1106 12881 2-s2.0-84886797342 000327052500004 doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-A03 Comparison of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS) Hadley circulation Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) Precipitation Sea surface temperature profile ARTICLE ART 2013 ftuisanist https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2013-A03 2022-05-15T05:19:08Z This paper explores the sensitivity of Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) simulations to changes in the meridional distribution of sea surface temperature (SST). The simulations are for an aqua-planet, a water covered Earth with no land, orography or sea-ice and with specified zonally symmetric SST. Simulations from 14 AGCMs developed for Numerical Weather Prediction and climate applications are compared. Four experiments are performed to study the sensitivity to the meridional SST profile. These profiles range from one in which the SST gradient continues to the equator to one which is flat approaching the equator, all with the same maximum SST at the equator. The zonal mean circulation of all models shows strong sensitivity to latitudinal distribution of SST. The Hadley circulation weakens and shifts poleward as the SST profile flattens in the tropics. One question of interest is the formation of a double versus a single ITCZ. There is a large variation between models of the strength of the ITCZ and where in the SST experiment sequence they transition from a single to double ITCZ. The SST profiles are defined such that as the equatorial SST gradient flattens, the maximum gradient increases and moves poleward. This leads to a weakening of the mid-latitude jet accompanied by a poleward shift of the jet core. Also considered are tropical wave activity and tropical precipitation frequency distributions. The details of each vary greatly between models, both with a given SST and in the response to the change in SST. One additional experiment is included to examine the sensitivity to an off-equatorial SST maximum. The upward branch of the Hadley circulation follows the SST maximum off the equator. The models that form a single precipitation maximum when the maximum SST is on the equator shift the precipitation maximum off equator and keep it centered over the SST maximum. Those that form a double with minimum on the equatorial maximum SST shift the double structure off the equator, keeping the minimum over ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Sea ice ScholarWorks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II 91A 0 57 89
institution Open Polar
collection ScholarWorks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology)
op_collection_id ftuisanist
language English
topic Comparison of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS)
Hadley circulation
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Precipitation
Sea surface temperature profile
spellingShingle Comparison of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS)
Hadley circulation
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Precipitation
Sea surface temperature profile
Williamson, David L.
Blackburn, Michael
Nakajima, Kensuke
Ohfuchi, Wataru
Takahashi, Yoshiyuki O.
Hayashi, Yoshi-Yuki
Nakamura, Hisashi
Ishiwatari, Masaki
McGregor, John L.
Borth, Hartmut
Wirth, Volkmar
Frank, Helmut
Bechtold, Peter
Wedi, Nils P.
Tomita, Hirofumi
Satoh, Masaki
Zhao, Ming
Held, Isaac M.
Suarez, Max J.
Lee, Myong-In
Watanabe, Masahiro
Kimoto, Masahide
Liu, Yimin
Wang, Zaizhi
Molod, Andrea
Rajendran, Kavirajan
Kitoh, Akio
Stratton, Rachel
The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
topic_facet Comparison of atmospheric general circulation models (GCMS)
Hadley circulation
Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
Precipitation
Sea surface temperature profile
description This paper explores the sensitivity of Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) simulations to changes in the meridional distribution of sea surface temperature (SST). The simulations are for an aqua-planet, a water covered Earth with no land, orography or sea-ice and with specified zonally symmetric SST. Simulations from 14 AGCMs developed for Numerical Weather Prediction and climate applications are compared. Four experiments are performed to study the sensitivity to the meridional SST profile. These profiles range from one in which the SST gradient continues to the equator to one which is flat approaching the equator, all with the same maximum SST at the equator. The zonal mean circulation of all models shows strong sensitivity to latitudinal distribution of SST. The Hadley circulation weakens and shifts poleward as the SST profile flattens in the tropics. One question of interest is the formation of a double versus a single ITCZ. There is a large variation between models of the strength of the ITCZ and where in the SST experiment sequence they transition from a single to double ITCZ. The SST profiles are defined such that as the equatorial SST gradient flattens, the maximum gradient increases and moves poleward. This leads to a weakening of the mid-latitude jet accompanied by a poleward shift of the jet core. Also considered are tropical wave activity and tropical precipitation frequency distributions. The details of each vary greatly between models, both with a given SST and in the response to the change in SST. One additional experiment is included to examine the sensitivity to an off-equatorial SST maximum. The upward branch of the Hadley circulation follows the SST maximum off the equator. The models that form a single precipitation maximum when the maximum SST is on the equator shift the precipitation maximum off equator and keep it centered over the SST maximum. Those that form a double with minimum on the equatorial maximum SST shift the double structure off the equator, keeping the minimum over ...
format Article in Journal/Newspaper
author Williamson, David L.
Blackburn, Michael
Nakajima, Kensuke
Ohfuchi, Wataru
Takahashi, Yoshiyuki O.
Hayashi, Yoshi-Yuki
Nakamura, Hisashi
Ishiwatari, Masaki
McGregor, John L.
Borth, Hartmut
Wirth, Volkmar
Frank, Helmut
Bechtold, Peter
Wedi, Nils P.
Tomita, Hirofumi
Satoh, Masaki
Zhao, Ming
Held, Isaac M.
Suarez, Max J.
Lee, Myong-In
Watanabe, Masahiro
Kimoto, Masahide
Liu, Yimin
Wang, Zaizhi
Molod, Andrea
Rajendran, Kavirajan
Kitoh, Akio
Stratton, Rachel
author_facet Williamson, David L.
Blackburn, Michael
Nakajima, Kensuke
Ohfuchi, Wataru
Takahashi, Yoshiyuki O.
Hayashi, Yoshi-Yuki
Nakamura, Hisashi
Ishiwatari, Masaki
McGregor, John L.
Borth, Hartmut
Wirth, Volkmar
Frank, Helmut
Bechtold, Peter
Wedi, Nils P.
Tomita, Hirofumi
Satoh, Masaki
Zhao, Ming
Held, Isaac M.
Suarez, Max J.
Lee, Myong-In
Watanabe, Masahiro
Kimoto, Masahide
Liu, Yimin
Wang, Zaizhi
Molod, Andrea
Rajendran, Kavirajan
Kitoh, Akio
Stratton, Rachel
author_sort Williamson, David L.
title The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
title_short The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
title_full The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
title_fullStr The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
title_full_unstemmed The aqua-planet experiment (APE): Response to changed meridional SST profile
title_sort aqua-planet experiment (ape): response to changed meridional sst profile
publisher METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN
publishDate 2013
url https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/3904
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84886797342
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2013-A03
genre Sea ice
genre_facet Sea ice
op_relation JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN, v.91, no.1 A, pp.57 - 89
0026-1165
https://scholarworks.unist.ac.kr/handle/201301/3904
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=84886797342
1106
12881
2-s2.0-84886797342
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doi:10.2151/jmsj.2013-A03
op_doi https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2013-A03
container_title Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II
container_volume 91A
container_issue 0
container_start_page 57
op_container_end_page 89
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