Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring
The detection range of calling animals is commonly described by the passive sonar equations. However, the sonar equations do not account for interactions between source and ambient sound level, i.e., the Lombard effect. This behavior has the potential to introduce non-linearities into the sonar equa...
Published in: | The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
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Language: | English |
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Acoustical Society of America, Melville, NY
2022
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ftufz:oai:ufz.de:25618 2023-12-10T09:48:24+01:00 Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring Palmer, K.J. Wu, Gi-Mick Clark, C. Klinck, H. 2022-01-04 https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=20939&ufzPublicationIdentifier=25618 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0009168 en eng Acoustical Society of America, Melville, NY Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 67 (1);; 67 - 79 https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=20939&ufzPublicationIdentifier=25618 https://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009168 info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess ISSN: 0001-4966 info:eu-repo/semantics/article https://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text 2022 ftufz https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0009168 2023-11-12T23:37:04Z The detection range of calling animals is commonly described by the passive sonar equations. However, the sonar equations do not account for interactions between source and ambient sound level, i.e., the Lombard effect. This behavior has the potential to introduce non-linearities into the sonar equations and result in incorrectly predicted detection ranges. Here, we investigate the relationship between ambient sound and effective detection ranges for North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in Cape Cod Bay, MA, USA using a sparse array of acoustic recorders. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the probability that a call was detected as a function of distance between the calling animal and the sensor and the ambient sound level. The model suggests a non-linear relationship between ambient sound levels and the probability of detecting a call. Comparing the non-linear model to the linearized version of the same model resulted in 12 to 25% increases in the effective detection range. We also found evidence of the Lombard effect suggesting that it is the most plausible cause for the non-linearity in the relationship. Finally, we suggest a simple modification to the sonar equation for estimating detection probability for single sensor monitoring applications. Article in Journal/Newspaper Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic UFZ - Publication Index (Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research) Lombard ENVELOPE(-59.686,-59.686,-64.520,-64.520) The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151 1 67 79 |
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Open Polar |
collection |
UFZ - Publication Index (Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research) |
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ftufz |
language |
English |
description |
The detection range of calling animals is commonly described by the passive sonar equations. However, the sonar equations do not account for interactions between source and ambient sound level, i.e., the Lombard effect. This behavior has the potential to introduce non-linearities into the sonar equations and result in incorrectly predicted detection ranges. Here, we investigate the relationship between ambient sound and effective detection ranges for North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in Cape Cod Bay, MA, USA using a sparse array of acoustic recorders. Generalized estimating equations were used to model the probability that a call was detected as a function of distance between the calling animal and the sensor and the ambient sound level. The model suggests a non-linear relationship between ambient sound levels and the probability of detecting a call. Comparing the non-linear model to the linearized version of the same model resulted in 12 to 25% increases in the effective detection range. We also found evidence of the Lombard effect suggesting that it is the most plausible cause for the non-linearity in the relationship. Finally, we suggest a simple modification to the sonar equation for estimating detection probability for single sensor monitoring applications. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Palmer, K.J. Wu, Gi-Mick Clark, C. Klinck, H. |
spellingShingle |
Palmer, K.J. Wu, Gi-Mick Clark, C. Klinck, H. Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
author_facet |
Palmer, K.J. Wu, Gi-Mick Clark, C. Klinck, H. |
author_sort |
Palmer, K.J. |
title |
Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
title_short |
Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
title_full |
Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
title_fullStr |
Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
title_full_unstemmed |
Accounting for the Lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: Applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
title_sort |
accounting for the lombard effect in estimating the probability of detection in passive acoustic surveys: applications for single sensor mitigation and monitoring |
publisher |
Acoustical Society of America, Melville, NY |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=20939&ufzPublicationIdentifier=25618 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0009168 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-59.686,-59.686,-64.520,-64.520) |
geographic |
Lombard |
geographic_facet |
Lombard |
genre |
Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic |
op_source |
ISSN: 0001-4966 |
op_relation |
https://www.ufz.de/index.php?en=20939&ufzPublicationIdentifier=25618 https://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009168 |
op_rights |
info:eu-repo/semantics/closedAccess |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0009168 |
container_title |
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
container_volume |
151 |
container_issue |
1 |
container_start_page |
67 |
op_container_end_page |
79 |
_version_ |
1784892407600381952 |