Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland)
The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland, emitted ∼11 Tg of SO2 into the troposphere over 6 months, and caused one of the most intense and widespread volcanogenic air pollution events in centuries. This study provides a number of source terms for characterisation of plumes in large fissure erupti...
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ftucl:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10074536 2023-12-24T10:17:45+01:00 Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) Ilyinskaya, E Schmidt, A Mather, TA Pope, FD Witham, C Baxter, P Jóhannsson, T Pfeffer, M Barsotti, S Singh, A Sanderson, P Bergsson, B McCormick Kilbride, B Donovan, A Peters, N Oppenheimer, C Edmonds, M 2017-08-15 text https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/1/1-s2.0-S0012821X17302911-main.pdf https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/ eng eng https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/1/1-s2.0-S0012821X17302911-main.pdf https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/ open Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 472 pp. 309-322. (2017) Volcanic plume volcanic emissions volcanic eruption air quality environment Iceland Article 2017 ftucl 2023-11-27T13:07:30Z The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland, emitted ∼11 Tg of SO2 into the troposphere over 6 months, and caused one of the most intense and widespread volcanogenic air pollution events in centuries. This study provides a number of source terms for characterisation of plumes in large fissure eruptions, in Iceland and elsewhere. We characterised the chemistry of aerosol particle matter (PM) and gas in the Holuhraun plume, and its evolution as the plume dispersed, both via measurements and modelling. The plume was sampled at the eruptive vent, and in two populated areas in Iceland. The plume caused repeated air pollution events, exceeding hourly air quality standards (350 μg/m3) for SO2 on 88 occasions in Reykjahlíð town (100 km distance), and 34 occasions in Reykjavík capital area (250 km distance). Average daily concentration of volcanogenic PM sulphate exceeded 5 μg/m3 on 30 days in Reykjavík capital area, which is the maximum concentration measured during non-eruptive background interval. There are currently no established air quality standards for sulphate. Combining the results from direct sampling and dispersion modelling, we identified two types of plume impacting the downwind populated areas. The first type was characterised by high concentrations of both SO2 and S-bearing PM, with a high Sgas/SPM mass ratio (SO2(g)/SO42−(PM) > 10). The second type had a low Sgas/SPM ratio (<10). We suggest that this second type was a mature plume where sulphur had undergone significant gas-to-aerosol conversion in the atmosphere. Both types of plume were rich in fine aerosol (predominantly PM1 and PM2.5), sulphate (on average ∼90% of the PM mass) and various trace species, including heavy metals. The fine size of the volcanic PM mass (75–80% in PM2.5), and the high environmental lability of its chemical components have potential adverse implications for environmental and health impacts. However, only the dispersion of volcanic SO2 was forecast in public warnings and operationally monitored during the eruption. We ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Iceland Reykjavík Reykjavík University College London: UCL Discovery Reykjavík Holuhraun ENVELOPE(-16.831,-16.831,64.852,64.852) Reykjahlíð ENVELOPE(-16.912,-16.912,65.642,65.642) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University College London: UCL Discovery |
op_collection_id |
ftucl |
language |
English |
topic |
Volcanic plume volcanic emissions volcanic eruption air quality environment Iceland |
spellingShingle |
Volcanic plume volcanic emissions volcanic eruption air quality environment Iceland Ilyinskaya, E Schmidt, A Mather, TA Pope, FD Witham, C Baxter, P Jóhannsson, T Pfeffer, M Barsotti, S Singh, A Sanderson, P Bergsson, B McCormick Kilbride, B Donovan, A Peters, N Oppenheimer, C Edmonds, M Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
topic_facet |
Volcanic plume volcanic emissions volcanic eruption air quality environment Iceland |
description |
The 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption in Iceland, emitted ∼11 Tg of SO2 into the troposphere over 6 months, and caused one of the most intense and widespread volcanogenic air pollution events in centuries. This study provides a number of source terms for characterisation of plumes in large fissure eruptions, in Iceland and elsewhere. We characterised the chemistry of aerosol particle matter (PM) and gas in the Holuhraun plume, and its evolution as the plume dispersed, both via measurements and modelling. The plume was sampled at the eruptive vent, and in two populated areas in Iceland. The plume caused repeated air pollution events, exceeding hourly air quality standards (350 μg/m3) for SO2 on 88 occasions in Reykjahlíð town (100 km distance), and 34 occasions in Reykjavík capital area (250 km distance). Average daily concentration of volcanogenic PM sulphate exceeded 5 μg/m3 on 30 days in Reykjavík capital area, which is the maximum concentration measured during non-eruptive background interval. There are currently no established air quality standards for sulphate. Combining the results from direct sampling and dispersion modelling, we identified two types of plume impacting the downwind populated areas. The first type was characterised by high concentrations of both SO2 and S-bearing PM, with a high Sgas/SPM mass ratio (SO2(g)/SO42−(PM) > 10). The second type had a low Sgas/SPM ratio (<10). We suggest that this second type was a mature plume where sulphur had undergone significant gas-to-aerosol conversion in the atmosphere. Both types of plume were rich in fine aerosol (predominantly PM1 and PM2.5), sulphate (on average ∼90% of the PM mass) and various trace species, including heavy metals. The fine size of the volcanic PM mass (75–80% in PM2.5), and the high environmental lability of its chemical components have potential adverse implications for environmental and health impacts. However, only the dispersion of volcanic SO2 was forecast in public warnings and operationally monitored during the eruption. We ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Ilyinskaya, E Schmidt, A Mather, TA Pope, FD Witham, C Baxter, P Jóhannsson, T Pfeffer, M Barsotti, S Singh, A Sanderson, P Bergsson, B McCormick Kilbride, B Donovan, A Peters, N Oppenheimer, C Edmonds, M |
author_facet |
Ilyinskaya, E Schmidt, A Mather, TA Pope, FD Witham, C Baxter, P Jóhannsson, T Pfeffer, M Barsotti, S Singh, A Sanderson, P Bergsson, B McCormick Kilbride, B Donovan, A Peters, N Oppenheimer, C Edmonds, M |
author_sort |
Ilyinskaya, E |
title |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_short |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_full |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_fullStr |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_full_unstemmed |
Understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: Aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 Holuhraun eruption (Iceland) |
title_sort |
understanding the environmental impacts of large fissure eruptions: aerosol and gas emissions from the 2014–2015 holuhraun eruption (iceland) |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/1/1-s2.0-S0012821X17302911-main.pdf https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/ |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-16.831,-16.831,64.852,64.852) ENVELOPE(-16.912,-16.912,65.642,65.642) |
geographic |
Reykjavík Holuhraun Reykjahlíð |
geographic_facet |
Reykjavík Holuhraun Reykjahlíð |
genre |
Iceland Reykjavík Reykjavík |
genre_facet |
Iceland Reykjavík Reykjavík |
op_source |
Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 472 pp. 309-322. (2017) |
op_relation |
https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/1/1-s2.0-S0012821X17302911-main.pdf https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10074536/ |
op_rights |
open |
_version_ |
1786206096033054720 |