Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) in high latitude Siberian permafrost: Diversity, environmental controls, and implications for proxy applications

• Main Authors: Kusch, Stephanie, Winterfeld, Maria, Mollenhauer, Gesine, Hoefle, Silke T., Schirrmeister, Lutz, Schwamborn, Georg, Rethemeyer, Janet
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 2019
• Subjects: ddc:no; Ice; permafrost; Thermokarst; Tundra
• Online Access: https://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/13343/

Archaeal and bacterial glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are globally abundant in soils under various climatic conditions, but little is known about their sources, relative distribution, and environmental controls on their diversity in high latitude permafrost deposits. Thus, constraints on GDGT-based proxies, such as methylation of branched GDGTs (MBT) or cyclization of branched GDGTs (CBT) used to infer mean annual temperature or soil pH, are also sparse. We investigated the GDGT diversity in typical North Siberian permafrost deposits including the active layer of polygonal tundra soils (seasonally frozen ground), fluvial terrace/floodplain sediments, Holocene and Pleistocene thermokarst sediments, and late Pleistocene Ice Complex (Yedoma). Our data show that isoprenoid GDGTs are produced by both methanotrophic and methanogenic Euryarchaeota, as well as Thaumarchaeota, but their abundance does not seem to be controlled by the investigated physicochemical parameters including %TOC, %TN, and soil pH. Branched GDGTs (brGDGTs) show similar distributional changes to those observed in other high latitude soil samples, i.e., a dominance of pentamethylated and hexamethylated brGDGTs, likely reflecting the adaptation to low temperatures and a positive correlation of the degree of cyclization with soil pH. Specifically, brGDGT-IIIa correlates positively with %TOC and %TN and negatively with soil pH, while brGDGT-Ib and brGDGT-IIb correlate negatively with %TOC and %TN and positively with pH. Moreover, we observe a negative correlation between 5-methyl and 6-methyl brGDGTs without cyclopentane moieties (except brGDGT-IIIa), but this anticorrelation does not seem to be related to the investigated physicochemical parameters. The observed brGDGT distribution yields a permafrost-specific soil pH calibration, pH'(PF) = 1.8451 x CBT'(PF) + 8.5396 (r(2) = 0.60, RMSE = 0.074; n = 109). The different investigated deposit types show some distinct GDGT distributional changes and appear to be distinguishable based on the ...