Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020
Sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) impact the atmosphere radiation budget, either directly as particles or indirectly as precursor gas for new particle formation. In situ measurements in the UTLS are rare but are important to better understand the impact of the s...
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European Geosciences Union
2023
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Online Access: | https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563/150178664 https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 |
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ftubkarlsruhe:oai:EVASTAR-Karlsruhe.de:1000155563 2023-05-15T17:36:12+02:00 Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane 2023-02-01 application/pdf https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563/150178664 https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 eng eng European Geosciences Union info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/000892356100001 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/issn/1680-7324 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563/150178664 https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC-BY Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22 (22), 15135–15151 ISSN: 1680-7324 ddc:550 Earth sciences info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550 doc-type:article Text info:eu-repo/semantics/article article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion 2023 ftubkarlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022 2023-02-05T23:08:46Z Sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) impact the atmosphere radiation budget, either directly as particles or indirectly as precursor gas for new particle formation. In situ measurements in the UTLS are rare but are important to better understand the impact of the sulfur budget on climate. The BLUESKY mission in May and June 2020 explored an unprecedented situation. (1) The UTLS experienced extraordinary dry conditions in spring 2020 over Europe, in comparison to previous years, and (2) the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic caused major emission reductions from industry, ground, and airborne transportation. With the two research aircraft HALO and Falcon, 20 flights were conducted over central Europe and the North Atlantic to investigate the atmospheric composition with respect to trace gases, aerosol, and clouds. Here, we focus on measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO$_{2}$) and particulate sulfate (SO$^{2-}$$_{4}$) in the altitude range of 8 to 14.5 km which show unexpectedly enhanced mixing ratios of SO$_{2}$ in the upper troposphere and of SO$^{2-}$$_{4}$ in the lowermost stratosphere. In the UT, we find SO$_{2}$ mixing ratios of (0.07±0.01) ppb, caused by the remaining air traffic, and reduced SO$_{2}$ sinks due to low OH and low cloud fractions and to a minor extent by uplift from boundary layer sources. Particulate sulfate showed elevated mixing ratios of up to 0.33 ppb in the LS. We suggest that the eruption of the volcano Raikoke in June 2019, which emitted about 1 Tg SO$_{2}$ into the stratosphere in northern midlatitudes, caused these enhancements, in addition to Siberian and Canadian wildfires and other minor volcanic eruptions. Our measurements can help to test models and lead to new insights in the distribution of sulfur compounds in the UTLS, their sources, and sinks. Moreover, these results can contribute to improving simulations of the radiation budget in the UTLS with respect to sulfur effects. Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie) Bluesky ENVELOPE(-118.236,-118.236,56.067,56.067) |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
KITopen (Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie) |
op_collection_id |
ftubkarlsruhe |
language |
English |
topic |
ddc:550 Earth sciences info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550 |
spellingShingle |
ddc:550 Earth sciences info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550 Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
topic_facet |
ddc:550 Earth sciences info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/550 |
description |
Sulfur compounds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) impact the atmosphere radiation budget, either directly as particles or indirectly as precursor gas for new particle formation. In situ measurements in the UTLS are rare but are important to better understand the impact of the sulfur budget on climate. The BLUESKY mission in May and June 2020 explored an unprecedented situation. (1) The UTLS experienced extraordinary dry conditions in spring 2020 over Europe, in comparison to previous years, and (2) the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic caused major emission reductions from industry, ground, and airborne transportation. With the two research aircraft HALO and Falcon, 20 flights were conducted over central Europe and the North Atlantic to investigate the atmospheric composition with respect to trace gases, aerosol, and clouds. Here, we focus on measurements of sulfur dioxide (SO$_{2}$) and particulate sulfate (SO$^{2-}$$_{4}$) in the altitude range of 8 to 14.5 km which show unexpectedly enhanced mixing ratios of SO$_{2}$ in the upper troposphere and of SO$^{2-}$$_{4}$ in the lowermost stratosphere. In the UT, we find SO$_{2}$ mixing ratios of (0.07±0.01) ppb, caused by the remaining air traffic, and reduced SO$_{2}$ sinks due to low OH and low cloud fractions and to a minor extent by uplift from boundary layer sources. Particulate sulfate showed elevated mixing ratios of up to 0.33 ppb in the LS. We suggest that the eruption of the volcano Raikoke in June 2019, which emitted about 1 Tg SO$_{2}$ into the stratosphere in northern midlatitudes, caused these enhancements, in addition to Siberian and Canadian wildfires and other minor volcanic eruptions. Our measurements can help to test models and lead to new insights in the distribution of sulfur compounds in the UTLS, their sources, and sinks. Moreover, these results can contribute to improving simulations of the radiation budget in the UTLS with respect to sulfur effects. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane |
author_facet |
Tomsche, Laura Marsing, Andreas Jurkat-Witschas, Tina Lucke, Johannes Kaufmann, Stefan Kaiser, Katharina Schneider, Johannes Scheibe, Monika Schlager, Hans Röder, Lenard Fischer, Horst Obersteiner, Florian Zahn, Andreas Zöger, Martin Lelieveld, Jos Voigt, Christiane |
author_sort |
Tomsche, Laura |
title |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_short |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_full |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_fullStr |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
title_sort |
enhanced sulfur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in spring 2020 |
publisher |
European Geosciences Union |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563/150178664 https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-118.236,-118.236,56.067,56.067) |
geographic |
Bluesky |
geographic_facet |
Bluesky |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_source |
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22 (22), 15135–15151 ISSN: 1680-7324 |
op_relation |
info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/000892356100001 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/issn/1680-7324 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563 https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000155563/150178664 https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 |
op_rights |
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
op_rightsnorm |
CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000155563 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15135-2022 |
_version_ |
1766135607977836544 |