Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface
We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stup...
Published in: | The Cryosphere |
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Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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Copernicus Publications
2021
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 |
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fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 2023-05-15T18:32:17+02:00 Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller 2021-06-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 en eng Copernicus Publications doi:10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 undefined The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 3007-3012 (2021) geo envir Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2021 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 2023-01-22T17:51:14Z We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes. For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a volume of 200 to 400 m3 in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated. Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Unknown Stupa ENVELOPE(22.166,22.166,70.636,70.636) The Cryosphere 15 6 3007 3012 |
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Open Polar |
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fttriple |
language |
English |
topic |
geo envir |
spellingShingle |
geo envir J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
topic_facet |
geo envir |
description |
We present a simple model to calculate the evolution of an ice stupa (artificial ice reservoir). The model is formulated for a cone geometry and driven by energy balance measurements over a glacier surface for a 5-year period. An “exposure factor” is introduced to deal with the fact that an ice stupa has a very rough surface and is more exposed to wind than a flat glacier surface. The exposure factor enhances the turbulent fluxes. For characteristic alpine conditions at 2100 m, an ice stupa may reach a volume of 200 to 400 m3 in early April. We show sensitivities of ice stupa size to temperature changes and exposure factor. The model may also serve as an educational tool, with which the effects of snow cover, switching off water during daytime, different starting dates, switching off water during high wind speeds, etc. can easily be evaluated. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller |
author_facet |
J. Oerlemans S. Balasubramanian C. Clavuot F. Keller |
author_sort |
J. Oerlemans |
title |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_short |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_full |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_fullStr |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_full_unstemmed |
Brief communication: Growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
title_sort |
brief communication: growth and decay of an ice stupa in alpine conditions – a simple model driven by energy-flux observations over a glacier surface |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(22.166,22.166,70.636,70.636) |
geographic |
Stupa |
geographic_facet |
Stupa |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 15, Pp 3007-3012 (2021) |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/3007/2021/tc-15-3007-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d5e9f38500b04c86bf146a5d0d7e8827 |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-3007-2021 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
15 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
3007 |
op_container_end_page |
3012 |
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1766216392818819072 |