Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis
Many mountainous regions depend on seasonal snowfall for their water resources. Current methods of predicting the availability of water resources rely on long-term relationships between stream discharge and snowpack monitoring at isolated locations, which are less reliable during abnormal snow years...
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Copernicus Publications
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fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:d24dd6b0ad5a4872a54c254ffe25b5fc 2023-05-15T18:32:19+02:00 Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis J. St. Clair W. S. Holbrook 2017-12-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2997-2017 https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2997/2017/tc-11-2997-2017.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d24dd6b0ad5a4872a54c254ffe25b5fc en eng Copernicus Publications doi:10.5194/tc-11-2997-2017 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2997/2017/tc-11-2997-2017.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d24dd6b0ad5a4872a54c254ffe25b5fc undefined The Cryosphere, Vol 11, Pp 2997-3009 (2017) geo envir Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2017 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2997-2017 2023-01-22T19:25:54Z Many mountainous regions depend on seasonal snowfall for their water resources. Current methods of predicting the availability of water resources rely on long-term relationships between stream discharge and snowpack monitoring at isolated locations, which are less reliable during abnormal snow years. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been shown to be an effective tool for measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) because of the close relationship between snow density and radar velocity. However, the standard methods of measuring radar velocity can be time-consuming. Here we apply a migration focusing method originally developed for extracting velocity information from diffracted energy observed in zero-offset seismic sections to the problem of estimating radar velocities in seasonal snow from common-offset GPR data. Diffractions are isolated by plane-wave-destruction (PWD) filtering and the optimal migration velocity is chosen based on the varimax norm of the migrated image. We then use the radar velocity to estimate snow density, depth, and SWE. The GPR-derived SWE estimates are within 6 % of manual SWE measurements when the GPR antenna is coupled to the snow surface and 3–21 % of the manual measurements when the antenna is mounted on the front of a snowmobile ∼ 0.5 m above the snow surface. Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Unknown The Cryosphere 11 6 2997 3009 |
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English |
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geo envir J. St. Clair W. S. Holbrook Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis |
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geo envir |
description |
Many mountainous regions depend on seasonal snowfall for their water resources. Current methods of predicting the availability of water resources rely on long-term relationships between stream discharge and snowpack monitoring at isolated locations, which are less reliable during abnormal snow years. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been shown to be an effective tool for measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) because of the close relationship between snow density and radar velocity. However, the standard methods of measuring radar velocity can be time-consuming. Here we apply a migration focusing method originally developed for extracting velocity information from diffracted energy observed in zero-offset seismic sections to the problem of estimating radar velocities in seasonal snow from common-offset GPR data. Diffractions are isolated by plane-wave-destruction (PWD) filtering and the optimal migration velocity is chosen based on the varimax norm of the migrated image. We then use the radar velocity to estimate snow density, depth, and SWE. The GPR-derived SWE estimates are within 6 % of manual SWE measurements when the GPR antenna is coupled to the snow surface and 3–21 % of the manual measurements when the antenna is mounted on the front of a snowmobile ∼ 0.5 m above the snow surface. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
J. St. Clair W. S. Holbrook |
author_facet |
J. St. Clair W. S. Holbrook |
author_sort |
J. St. Clair |
title |
Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis |
title_short |
Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis |
title_full |
Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis |
title_fullStr |
Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis |
title_full_unstemmed |
Measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset GPR records through migration velocity analysis |
title_sort |
measuring snow water equivalent from common-offset gpr records through migration velocity analysis |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2017 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2997-2017 https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2997/2017/tc-11-2997-2017.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d24dd6b0ad5a4872a54c254ffe25b5fc |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 11, Pp 2997-3009 (2017) |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/tc-11-2997-2017 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://www.the-cryosphere.net/11/2997/2017/tc-11-2997-2017.pdf https://doaj.org/article/d24dd6b0ad5a4872a54c254ffe25b5fc |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-2997-2017 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
11 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
2997 |
op_container_end_page |
3009 |
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1766216417739276288 |