Ecological and spatial variations of legacy and emerging contaminants in white-tailed sea eagles from Germany: Implications for prioritisation and future risk management

• Published in: Environment International
• Main Authors: Alexander Badry, Gabriele Treu, Georgios Gkotsis, Maria-Christina Nika, Nikiforos Alygizakis, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Christian C. Voigt, Oliver Krone
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2022
• Subjects: Baltic Sea; Birds of prey; Chemicals of emerging concern; Persistent organic pollutants; Stable isotopes; JANUS tool; envir; geo; Janus; Haliaeetus albicilla
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106934; https://doaj.org/article/cf25efc1c2c74a4e93723701fa6492f0

The increasing use of chemicals in the European Union (EU) has resulted in environmental emissions and wildlife exposures. For approving a chemical within the EU, producers need to conduct an environmental risk assessment, which typically relies on data generated under laboratory conditions without considering the ecological and landscape context. To address this gap and add information on emerging contaminants and chemical mixtures, we analysed 30 livers of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from northern Germany with high resolution-mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for the identification of >2400 contaminants. We then modelled the influence of trophic position (δ15N), habitat (δ13C) and landscape on chemical residues and screened for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties using an in silico model to unravel mismatches between predicted PBT properties and observed exposures. Despite having generally low PBT scores, most detected contaminants were medicinal products with oxfendazole and salicylamide being most frequent. Chemicals of the Stockholm Convention such as 4,4′-DDE and PCBs were present in all samples below toxicity thresholds. Among PFAS, especially PFOS showed elevated concentrations compared to other studies. In contrast, PFCA levels were low and increased with δ15N, which indicated an increase with preying on piscivorous species. Among plant protection products, spiroxamine and simazine were frequently detected with increasing concentrations in agricultural landscapes. The in silico model has proven to be reliable for predicting PBT properties for most chemicals. However, chemical exposures in apex predators are complex and do not solely rely on intrinsic chemical properties but also on other factors such as ecology and landscape. We therefore recommend that ecological contexts, mixture toxicities, and chemical monitoring data should be more frequently considered in regulatory risk assessments, e.g. in a weight of evidence approach, to trigger ...