Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach
Here we present results of digital modelling of a specific setting of hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis (CAS). We study an unconfined aquifer where meteoric water seeps through the vadose zone and becomes saturated with respect to calcite when it arrives at the water table. From below, deep-seat...
Published in: | Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2021
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/25/2895/2021/hess-25-2895-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 |
id |
fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 2023-05-15T15:52:39+02:00 Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach F. Gabrovšek W. Dreybrodt 2021-05-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/25/2895/2021/hess-25-2895-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 en eng Copernicus Publications doi:10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 1027-5606 1607-7938 https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/25/2895/2021/hess-25-2895-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 undefined Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol 25, Pp 2895-2913 (2021) geo Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2021 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 2023-01-22T19:15:58Z Here we present results of digital modelling of a specific setting of hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis (CAS). We study an unconfined aquifer where meteoric water seeps through the vadose zone and becomes saturated with respect to calcite when it arrives at the water table. From below, deep-seated water with high pCO2 and saturated with respect to calcite invades the limestone formation by forced flow. Two flow domains arise that host exclusively water from the meteoric or deep-seated source. They are separated by a water divide. There by dispersion of flow, a fringe of mixing arises and widening of the fractures is caused by mixing corrosion (MC). The evolution of the cave system is determined by its early state. At sites with high rates of fracture widening, regions of higher hydraulic conductivity are created. They attract flow and support one-by-one mixing with maximal dissolution rates. Therefore, the early evolution is determined by karstification originating close to the input of the upwelling water and at the output at a seepage face. In between these regions, a wide fringe of moderate dissolution is present. In the later stage of evolution, this region is divided by constrictions that originate from statistical variations of fracture aperture widths that favour high dissolution rates and focus flow into this region. This MC-fringe instability is an intrinsic property of cave evolution and is present in all scenarios studied. We have investigated the influence of defined regions with higher fracture aperture widths. These determine the cave patterns and suppress MC-fringe instabilities. We have discussed the influence of the ratio of upwelling water flux rates on the rates of meteoric water. This ratio specifies the position of the mixing fringe and consequently that of the cave system. In a further step, we have explored the influence of time-dependent meteoric recharge. Furthermore, we have modelled scenarios where waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite. These findings give important ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Carbonic acid Unknown Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25 5 2895 2913 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Unknown |
op_collection_id |
fttriple |
language |
English |
topic |
geo |
spellingShingle |
geo F. Gabrovšek W. Dreybrodt Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach |
topic_facet |
geo |
description |
Here we present results of digital modelling of a specific setting of hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis (CAS). We study an unconfined aquifer where meteoric water seeps through the vadose zone and becomes saturated with respect to calcite when it arrives at the water table. From below, deep-seated water with high pCO2 and saturated with respect to calcite invades the limestone formation by forced flow. Two flow domains arise that host exclusively water from the meteoric or deep-seated source. They are separated by a water divide. There by dispersion of flow, a fringe of mixing arises and widening of the fractures is caused by mixing corrosion (MC). The evolution of the cave system is determined by its early state. At sites with high rates of fracture widening, regions of higher hydraulic conductivity are created. They attract flow and support one-by-one mixing with maximal dissolution rates. Therefore, the early evolution is determined by karstification originating close to the input of the upwelling water and at the output at a seepage face. In between these regions, a wide fringe of moderate dissolution is present. In the later stage of evolution, this region is divided by constrictions that originate from statistical variations of fracture aperture widths that favour high dissolution rates and focus flow into this region. This MC-fringe instability is an intrinsic property of cave evolution and is present in all scenarios studied. We have investigated the influence of defined regions with higher fracture aperture widths. These determine the cave patterns and suppress MC-fringe instabilities. We have discussed the influence of the ratio of upwelling water flux rates on the rates of meteoric water. This ratio specifies the position of the mixing fringe and consequently that of the cave system. In a further step, we have explored the influence of time-dependent meteoric recharge. Furthermore, we have modelled scenarios where waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite. These findings give important ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
F. Gabrovšek W. Dreybrodt |
author_facet |
F. Gabrovšek W. Dreybrodt |
author_sort |
F. Gabrovšek |
title |
Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach |
title_short |
Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach |
title_full |
Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach |
title_fullStr |
Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach |
title_full_unstemmed |
Early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high CO2 concentration: a modelling approach |
title_sort |
early hypogenic carbonic acid speleogenesis in unconfined limestone aquifers by upwelling deep-seated waters with high co2 concentration: a modelling approach |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2021 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/25/2895/2021/hess-25-2895-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 |
genre |
Carbonic acid |
genre_facet |
Carbonic acid |
op_source |
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol 25, Pp 2895-2913 (2021) |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 1027-5606 1607-7938 https://hess.copernicus.org/articles/25/2895/2021/hess-25-2895-2021.pdf https://doaj.org/article/c6ebbc2311404c35832e5514760e9f78 |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-2895-2021 |
container_title |
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences |
container_volume |
25 |
container_issue |
5 |
container_start_page |
2895 |
op_container_end_page |
2913 |
_version_ |
1766387774315823104 |