Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow
In order to quantify the effects of absorbing contaminants on snow, a series of spectral reflectance measurements were conducted. Chimney soot, volcanic sand, and glaciogenic silt were deposited on a natural snow surface in a controlled way as a part of the Soot on Snow (SoS) campaign. The bidirecti...
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 http://www.the-cryosphere.net/9/2323/2015/tc-9-2323-2015.pdf https://doaj.org/article/978300d409894dd5b543fd59fb42bafc |
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fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:978300d409894dd5b543fd59fb42bafc 2023-05-15T18:32:22+02:00 Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow J. I. Peltoniemi M. Gritsevich T. Hakala P. Dagsson-Waldhauserová Ó. Arnalds K. Anttila H.-R. Hannula N. Kivekäs H. Lihavainen O. Meinander J. Svensson A. Virkkula G. de Leeuw 2015-12-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 http://www.the-cryosphere.net/9/2323/2015/tc-9-2323-2015.pdf https://doaj.org/article/978300d409894dd5b543fd59fb42bafc en eng Copernicus Publications 1994-0416 1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 http://www.the-cryosphere.net/9/2323/2015/tc-9-2323-2015.pdf https://doaj.org/article/978300d409894dd5b543fd59fb42bafc undefined The Cryosphere, Vol 9, Iss 6, Pp 2323-2337 (2015) geo envir Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2015 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 2023-01-22T19:00:21Z In order to quantify the effects of absorbing contaminants on snow, a series of spectral reflectance measurements were conducted. Chimney soot, volcanic sand, and glaciogenic silt were deposited on a natural snow surface in a controlled way as a part of the Soot on Snow (SoS) campaign. The bidirectional reflectance factors of these soiled surfaces and untouched snow were measured using the Finnish Geodetic Institute's Field Goniospectropolariradiometer, FIGIFIGO. A remarkable feature is the fact that the absorbing contaminants on snow enhanced the metamorphism of snow under strong sunlight in our experiments. Immediately after deposition, the contaminated snow surface appeared darker than the natural snow in all viewing directions, but the absorbing particles sank deep into the snow in minutes. The nadir measurement remained the darkest, but at larger zenith angles, the surface of the contaminated snow changed back to almost as white as clean snow. Thus, for a ground observer the darkening caused by impurities can be completely invisible, overestimating the albedo, but a nadir-observing satellite sees the darkest points, underestimating the albedo. Through a reciprocity argument, we predict that at noon, the albedo perturbation should be lower than in the morning or afternoon. When sunlight stimulates sinking more than melting, the albedo should be higher in the afternoon than in the morning, and vice versa when melting dominates. However, differences in the hydrophobic properties, porosity, clumping, or size of the impurities may cause different results than observed in these measurements. Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Unknown The Cryosphere 9 6 2323 2337 |
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language |
English |
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geo envir |
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geo envir J. I. Peltoniemi M. Gritsevich T. Hakala P. Dagsson-Waldhauserová Ó. Arnalds K. Anttila H.-R. Hannula N. Kivekäs H. Lihavainen O. Meinander J. Svensson A. Virkkula G. de Leeuw Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
topic_facet |
geo envir |
description |
In order to quantify the effects of absorbing contaminants on snow, a series of spectral reflectance measurements were conducted. Chimney soot, volcanic sand, and glaciogenic silt were deposited on a natural snow surface in a controlled way as a part of the Soot on Snow (SoS) campaign. The bidirectional reflectance factors of these soiled surfaces and untouched snow were measured using the Finnish Geodetic Institute's Field Goniospectropolariradiometer, FIGIFIGO. A remarkable feature is the fact that the absorbing contaminants on snow enhanced the metamorphism of snow under strong sunlight in our experiments. Immediately after deposition, the contaminated snow surface appeared darker than the natural snow in all viewing directions, but the absorbing particles sank deep into the snow in minutes. The nadir measurement remained the darkest, but at larger zenith angles, the surface of the contaminated snow changed back to almost as white as clean snow. Thus, for a ground observer the darkening caused by impurities can be completely invisible, overestimating the albedo, but a nadir-observing satellite sees the darkest points, underestimating the albedo. Through a reciprocity argument, we predict that at noon, the albedo perturbation should be lower than in the morning or afternoon. When sunlight stimulates sinking more than melting, the albedo should be higher in the afternoon than in the morning, and vice versa when melting dominates. However, differences in the hydrophobic properties, porosity, clumping, or size of the impurities may cause different results than observed in these measurements. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
J. I. Peltoniemi M. Gritsevich T. Hakala P. Dagsson-Waldhauserová Ó. Arnalds K. Anttila H.-R. Hannula N. Kivekäs H. Lihavainen O. Meinander J. Svensson A. Virkkula G. de Leeuw |
author_facet |
J. I. Peltoniemi M. Gritsevich T. Hakala P. Dagsson-Waldhauserová Ó. Arnalds K. Anttila H.-R. Hannula N. Kivekäs H. Lihavainen O. Meinander J. Svensson A. Virkkula G. de Leeuw |
author_sort |
J. I. Peltoniemi |
title |
Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
title_short |
Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
title_full |
Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
title_fullStr |
Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
title_full_unstemmed |
Soot on Snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
title_sort |
soot on snow experiment: bidirectional reflectance factor measurements of contaminated snow |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2015 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 http://www.the-cryosphere.net/9/2323/2015/tc-9-2323-2015.pdf https://doaj.org/article/978300d409894dd5b543fd59fb42bafc |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 9, Iss 6, Pp 2323-2337 (2015) |
op_relation |
1994-0416 1994-0424 doi:10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 http://www.the-cryosphere.net/9/2323/2015/tc-9-2323-2015.pdf https://doaj.org/article/978300d409894dd5b543fd59fb42bafc |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2323-2015 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
9 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
2323 |
op_container_end_page |
2337 |
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1766216469988769792 |