Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011
Changes in the hydrography of the Arctic Ocean have recently been reported. The upper ocean has been freshening and pulses of warm Atlantic Water have been observed to spread into the Arctic Ocean. Although these changes have been intensively studied, salinity and temperature variations have less fr...
Published in: | Ocean Science |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Copernicus Publications
2013
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 http://www.ocean-sci.net/9/1015/2013/os-9-1015-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/article/5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc |
id |
fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc 2023-05-15T14:51:14+02:00 Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 M. Korhonen B. Rudels M. Marnela A. Wisotzki J. Zhao 2013-12-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 http://www.ocean-sci.net/9/1015/2013/os-9-1015-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/article/5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc en eng Copernicus Publications 1812-0784 1812-0792 doi:10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 http://www.ocean-sci.net/9/1015/2013/os-9-1015-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/article/5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc undefined Ocean Science, Vol 9, Iss 6, Pp 1015-1055 (2013) geo envir Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2013 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 2023-01-22T19:11:10Z Changes in the hydrography of the Arctic Ocean have recently been reported. The upper ocean has been freshening and pulses of warm Atlantic Water have been observed to spread into the Arctic Ocean. Although these changes have been intensively studied, salinity and temperature variations have less frequently been considered together. Here hydrographic observations, obtained by icebreaker expeditions conducted between 1991 and 2011, are analyzed and discussed. Five different water masses in the upper 1000 m of the water column are examined in five sub-basins of the Arctic Ocean. This allows for studying the variations of the distributions of the freshwater and heat contents in the Arctic Ocean not only in time but also laterally and vertically. In addition, the seasonal ice melt contribution is separated from the permanent, winter, freshwater content of the Polar Mixed Layer. Because the positions of the icebreaker stations vary between the years, the icebreaker observations are at each specific point in space and time compared with the Polar Science Center Hydrographic Climatology to separate the effects of space and time variability on the observations. The hydrographic melt water estimate is discussed and compared with the potential ice melt induced by atmospheric heat input estimated from the ERA–Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. After a period of increased salinity in the upper ocean during the 1990s, both the Polar Mixed Layer and the upper halocline have been freshening. The increase in freshwater content in the Polar Mixed Layer is primarily driven by a decrease in salinity, not by changes in Polar Mixed Layer depth, whereas the freshwater is accumulating in the upper halocline mainly through the increasing thickness of the halocline. This is especially evident in the Northern Canada Basin, where the most substantial freshening is observed. The warming, and to some extent also the increase in salinity, of the Atlantic Water during the early 1990s extended from the Nansen Basin into the Amundsen and Makarov ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic Arctic Ocean canada basin Nansen Basin Polar Science Center Unknown Arctic Arctic Ocean Canada Ocean Science 9 6 1015 1055 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
Unknown |
op_collection_id |
fttriple |
language |
English |
topic |
geo envir |
spellingShingle |
geo envir M. Korhonen B. Rudels M. Marnela A. Wisotzki J. Zhao Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
topic_facet |
geo envir |
description |
Changes in the hydrography of the Arctic Ocean have recently been reported. The upper ocean has been freshening and pulses of warm Atlantic Water have been observed to spread into the Arctic Ocean. Although these changes have been intensively studied, salinity and temperature variations have less frequently been considered together. Here hydrographic observations, obtained by icebreaker expeditions conducted between 1991 and 2011, are analyzed and discussed. Five different water masses in the upper 1000 m of the water column are examined in five sub-basins of the Arctic Ocean. This allows for studying the variations of the distributions of the freshwater and heat contents in the Arctic Ocean not only in time but also laterally and vertically. In addition, the seasonal ice melt contribution is separated from the permanent, winter, freshwater content of the Polar Mixed Layer. Because the positions of the icebreaker stations vary between the years, the icebreaker observations are at each specific point in space and time compared with the Polar Science Center Hydrographic Climatology to separate the effects of space and time variability on the observations. The hydrographic melt water estimate is discussed and compared with the potential ice melt induced by atmospheric heat input estimated from the ERA–Interim and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. After a period of increased salinity in the upper ocean during the 1990s, both the Polar Mixed Layer and the upper halocline have been freshening. The increase in freshwater content in the Polar Mixed Layer is primarily driven by a decrease in salinity, not by changes in Polar Mixed Layer depth, whereas the freshwater is accumulating in the upper halocline mainly through the increasing thickness of the halocline. This is especially evident in the Northern Canada Basin, where the most substantial freshening is observed. The warming, and to some extent also the increase in salinity, of the Atlantic Water during the early 1990s extended from the Nansen Basin into the Amundsen and Makarov ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
M. Korhonen B. Rudels M. Marnela A. Wisotzki J. Zhao |
author_facet |
M. Korhonen B. Rudels M. Marnela A. Wisotzki J. Zhao |
author_sort |
M. Korhonen |
title |
Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
title_short |
Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
title_full |
Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
title_fullStr |
Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the Arctic Ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
title_sort |
time and space variability of freshwater content, heat content and seasonal ice melt in the arctic ocean from 1991 to 2011 |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2013 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 http://www.ocean-sci.net/9/1015/2013/os-9-1015-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/article/5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc |
geographic |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Canada |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean Canada |
genre |
Arctic Arctic Ocean canada basin Nansen Basin Polar Science Center |
genre_facet |
Arctic Arctic Ocean canada basin Nansen Basin Polar Science Center |
op_source |
Ocean Science, Vol 9, Iss 6, Pp 1015-1055 (2013) |
op_relation |
1812-0784 1812-0792 doi:10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 http://www.ocean-sci.net/9/1015/2013/os-9-1015-2013.pdf https://doaj.org/article/5ea7223a62a54513a84c8702a827cffc |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-1015-2013 |
container_title |
Ocean Science |
container_volume |
9 |
container_issue |
6 |
container_start_page |
1015 |
op_container_end_page |
1055 |
_version_ |
1766322285316145152 |