Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow
The energy budget of Arctic sea ice is strongly affected by the snow cover. Intensive sampling of snow properties was conducted near Qikiqtarjuaq in Baffin Bay on typical landfast sea ice during two melt seasons in 2015 and 2016. The sampling included stratigraphy, vertical profiles of snow specific...
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Copernicus Publications
2022
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/3431/2022/tc-16-3431-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/3ad416b992d14b679ed38e462b6ee180 |
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fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:3ad416b992d14b679ed38e462b6ee180 2023-05-15T13:10:44+02:00 Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow G. Vérin F. Domine M. Babin G. Picard L. Arnaud 2022-09-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/3431/2022/tc-16-3431-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/3ad416b992d14b679ed38e462b6ee180 en eng Copernicus Publications doi:10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/3431/2022/tc-16-3431-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/3ad416b992d14b679ed38e462b6ee180 undefined The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 3431-3449 (2022) geo envir Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2022 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 2023-01-22T19:31:01Z The energy budget of Arctic sea ice is strongly affected by the snow cover. Intensive sampling of snow properties was conducted near Qikiqtarjuaq in Baffin Bay on typical landfast sea ice during two melt seasons in 2015 and 2016. The sampling included stratigraphy, vertical profiles of snow specific surface area (SSA), density and irradiance, and spectral albedo (300–1100 nm). Both years featured four main phases: (I) dry snow cover, (II) surface melting, (III) ripe snowpack, and (IV) melt pond formation. Each phase was characterized by distinctive physical and optical properties. A high SSA value of 49.3 m2 kg−1 was measured during phase I on surface wind slabs together with a corresponding broadband albedo (300–3000 nm) of 0.87. Phase II was marked by alternating episodes of surface melting, which dramatically decreased the SSA below 3 m2 kg−1, and episodes of snowfall re-establishing pre-melt conditions. Albedo was highly time-variable, with minimum broadband values around 0.70. In phase III, continued melting led to a fully ripe snowpack composed of clustered rounded grains. Albedo began to decrease in the visible as snow thickness decreased but remained steady at longer wavelengths. Moreover, significant spatial variability appeared for the first time following snow depth heterogeneity. Spectral albedo was simulated by radiative transfer using measured SSA and density vertical profiles and estimated impurity contents based on limited measurements. Simulations were most of the time within 1 % of measurements in the visible and within 2 % in the infrared. Simulations allowed the calculations of albedo and of the spectral flux at the snow–ice interface. These showed that photosynthetically active radiation fluxes at the bottom of the snowpack durably exceeded 5 W m−2 (∼9.2 µmol m−2 s−1) only when the snowpack thickness started to decrease at the end of phase II. Article in Journal/Newspaper albedo Arctic Baffin Bay Baffin Bay Baffin Qikiqtarjuaq Sea ice The Cryosphere Unknown Arctic Baffin Bay Qikiqtarjuaq ENVELOPE(-64.029,-64.029,67.557,67.557) The Cryosphere 16 9 3431 3449 |
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language |
English |
topic |
geo envir |
spellingShingle |
geo envir G. Vérin F. Domine M. Babin G. Picard L. Arnaud Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
topic_facet |
geo envir |
description |
The energy budget of Arctic sea ice is strongly affected by the snow cover. Intensive sampling of snow properties was conducted near Qikiqtarjuaq in Baffin Bay on typical landfast sea ice during two melt seasons in 2015 and 2016. The sampling included stratigraphy, vertical profiles of snow specific surface area (SSA), density and irradiance, and spectral albedo (300–1100 nm). Both years featured four main phases: (I) dry snow cover, (II) surface melting, (III) ripe snowpack, and (IV) melt pond formation. Each phase was characterized by distinctive physical and optical properties. A high SSA value of 49.3 m2 kg−1 was measured during phase I on surface wind slabs together with a corresponding broadband albedo (300–3000 nm) of 0.87. Phase II was marked by alternating episodes of surface melting, which dramatically decreased the SSA below 3 m2 kg−1, and episodes of snowfall re-establishing pre-melt conditions. Albedo was highly time-variable, with minimum broadband values around 0.70. In phase III, continued melting led to a fully ripe snowpack composed of clustered rounded grains. Albedo began to decrease in the visible as snow thickness decreased but remained steady at longer wavelengths. Moreover, significant spatial variability appeared for the first time following snow depth heterogeneity. Spectral albedo was simulated by radiative transfer using measured SSA and density vertical profiles and estimated impurity contents based on limited measurements. Simulations were most of the time within 1 % of measurements in the visible and within 2 % in the infrared. Simulations allowed the calculations of albedo and of the spectral flux at the snow–ice interface. These showed that photosynthetically active radiation fluxes at the bottom of the snowpack durably exceeded 5 W m−2 (∼9.2 µmol m−2 s−1) only when the snowpack thickness started to decrease at the end of phase II. |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
G. Vérin F. Domine M. Babin G. Picard L. Arnaud |
author_facet |
G. Vérin F. Domine M. Babin G. Picard L. Arnaud |
author_sort |
G. Vérin |
title |
Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
title_short |
Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
title_full |
Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
title_fullStr |
Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
title_full_unstemmed |
Metamorphism of snow on Arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
title_sort |
metamorphism of snow on arctic sea ice during the melt season: impact on spectral albedo and radiative fluxes through snow |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/3431/2022/tc-16-3431-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/3ad416b992d14b679ed38e462b6ee180 |
long_lat |
ENVELOPE(-64.029,-64.029,67.557,67.557) |
geographic |
Arctic Baffin Bay Qikiqtarjuaq |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Baffin Bay Qikiqtarjuaq |
genre |
albedo Arctic Baffin Bay Baffin Bay Baffin Qikiqtarjuaq Sea ice The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
albedo Arctic Baffin Bay Baffin Bay Baffin Qikiqtarjuaq Sea ice The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 3431-3449 (2022) |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/3431/2022/tc-16-3431-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/3ad416b992d14b679ed38e462b6ee180 |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3431-2022 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
9 |
container_start_page |
3431 |
op_container_end_page |
3449 |
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1766240676982292480 |