GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient
Snow water equivalent (SWE) can be measured using low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors with one antenna placed below the snowpack and another one serving as a reference above the snow. The underlying GNSS signal-based algorithm for SWE determination for dry- and wet-snow condit...
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Copernicus Publications
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/18f896a230bb456db04142769d5f5e2e |
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fttriple:oai:gotriple.eu:oai:doaj.org/article:18f896a230bb456db04142769d5f5e2e 2023-05-15T18:32:16+02:00 GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient A. Capelli F. Koch P. Henkel M. Lamm F. Appel C. Marty J. Schweizer 2022-02-01 https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/18f896a230bb456db04142769d5f5e2e en eng Copernicus Publications doi:10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/18f896a230bb456db04142769d5f5e2e undefined The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 505-531 (2022) info geo Journal Article https://vocabularies.coar-repositories.org/resource_types/c_6501/ 2022 fttriple https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 2023-01-22T17:50:54Z Snow water equivalent (SWE) can be measured using low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors with one antenna placed below the snowpack and another one serving as a reference above the snow. The underlying GNSS signal-based algorithm for SWE determination for dry- and wet-snow conditions processes the carrier phases and signal strengths and additionally derives liquid water content (LWC) and snow depth (HS). So far, the algorithm was tested intensively for high-alpine conditions with distinct seasonal accumulation and ablation phases. In general, snow occurrence, snow amount, snow density and LWC can vary considerably with climatic conditions and elevation. Regarding alpine regions, lower elevations mean generally earlier and faster melting, more rain-on-snow events, and shallower snowpack. Therefore, we assessed the applicability of the GNSS-based SWE measurement at four stations along a steep elevation gradient (820, 1185, 1510 and 2540 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Swiss Alps during two winter seasons (2018–2020). Reference data of SWE, LWC and HS were collected manually and with additional automated sensors at all locations. The GNSS-derived SWE estimates agreed very well with manual reference measurements along the elevation gradient, and the accuracy (RMSE = 34 mm, RMSRE = 11 %) was similar under wet- and dry-snow conditions, although significant differences in snow density and meteorological conditions existed between the locations. The GNSS-derived SWE was more accurate than measured with other automated SWE sensors. However, with the current version of the GNSS algorithm, the determination of daily changes of SWE was found to be less suitable compared to manual measurements or pluviometer recordings and needs further refinement. The values of the GNSS-derived LWC were robust and within the precision of the manual and radar measurements. The additionally derived HS correlated well with the validation data. We conclude that SWE can reliably be determined using low-cost GNSS sensors under a ... Article in Journal/Newspaper The Cryosphere Unknown The Cryosphere 16 2 505 531 |
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info geo A. Capelli F. Koch P. Henkel M. Lamm F. Appel C. Marty J. Schweizer GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
topic_facet |
info geo |
description |
Snow water equivalent (SWE) can be measured using low-cost Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) sensors with one antenna placed below the snowpack and another one serving as a reference above the snow. The underlying GNSS signal-based algorithm for SWE determination for dry- and wet-snow conditions processes the carrier phases and signal strengths and additionally derives liquid water content (LWC) and snow depth (HS). So far, the algorithm was tested intensively for high-alpine conditions with distinct seasonal accumulation and ablation phases. In general, snow occurrence, snow amount, snow density and LWC can vary considerably with climatic conditions and elevation. Regarding alpine regions, lower elevations mean generally earlier and faster melting, more rain-on-snow events, and shallower snowpack. Therefore, we assessed the applicability of the GNSS-based SWE measurement at four stations along a steep elevation gradient (820, 1185, 1510 and 2540 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Swiss Alps during two winter seasons (2018–2020). Reference data of SWE, LWC and HS were collected manually and with additional automated sensors at all locations. The GNSS-derived SWE estimates agreed very well with manual reference measurements along the elevation gradient, and the accuracy (RMSE = 34 mm, RMSRE = 11 %) was similar under wet- and dry-snow conditions, although significant differences in snow density and meteorological conditions existed between the locations. The GNSS-derived SWE was more accurate than measured with other automated SWE sensors. However, with the current version of the GNSS algorithm, the determination of daily changes of SWE was found to be less suitable compared to manual measurements or pluviometer recordings and needs further refinement. The values of the GNSS-derived LWC were robust and within the precision of the manual and radar measurements. The additionally derived HS correlated well with the validation data. We conclude that SWE can reliably be determined using low-cost GNSS sensors under a ... |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
A. Capelli F. Koch P. Henkel M. Lamm F. Appel C. Marty J. Schweizer |
author_facet |
A. Capelli F. Koch P. Henkel M. Lamm F. Appel C. Marty J. Schweizer |
author_sort |
A. Capelli |
title |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_short |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_full |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_fullStr |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_full_unstemmed |
GNSS signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
title_sort |
gnss signal-based snow water equivalent determination for different snowpack conditions along a steep elevation gradient |
publisher |
Copernicus Publications |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/18f896a230bb456db04142769d5f5e2e |
genre |
The Cryosphere |
genre_facet |
The Cryosphere |
op_source |
The Cryosphere, Vol 16, Pp 505-531 (2022) |
op_relation |
doi:10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 1994-0416 1994-0424 https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/505/2022/tc-16-505-2022.pdf https://doaj.org/article/18f896a230bb456db04142769d5f5e2e |
op_rights |
undefined |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-505-2022 |
container_title |
The Cryosphere |
container_volume |
16 |
container_issue |
2 |
container_start_page |
505 |
op_container_end_page |
531 |
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