| Summary: | Arctic warming is causing an expansion of deciduous shrubs in the Arctic tundra biome. By modifying albedo, shrubs affect the temperature of the atmosphere, snowpack and permafrost, potentially increasing permafrost thawing and snow melting, and forming a powerful feedback to global warming. The most prominent impact of shrubs is a reduction of surface albedo when dark branches protrude above the bright snow surface. Additionally, complex snow-shrub interactions modify snow redistribution during windy conditions and increase snowmelt rates during warm spells. Thus, snow over shrub-covered tundra may have different physical and optical properties, leading to further modification of surface albedo. Finally, shrub branches buried in snow may still have an impact on the radiation budget because they can absorb light rays which generally penetrate deeper than 10 cm into the snowpack. To study and quantify the snow-shrub-light interactions, we collected a unique dataset comparing snowpacks with and without shrubs. For every site sampled, we measured in situ spectral albedo (400–1080 nm) and recorded snow physical properties and irradiance profiles. These data were acquired in a low Arctic site near Umiujaq, Northern Quebec, Canada (56° N, 76° W), during several field campaigns in autumn and winter. Based on these field data and a dataset of branch sizes and vertical distribution, a simple yet accurate parameterization for modeling albedo of mixed snow-shrub surfaces was developed and validated. This new parameterization had an accuracy of 3 %, can be used in a predictive way, and is easy to implement in earth system models. We uncovered important insights on snow-shrub-light interactions. Surface darkening by protruding branches was wavelength-dependent, and decreased albedo early in the snow season by 55 % at 500 nm and 18 % at 1000 nm. Changes in snow physical properties that were significant enough to impact albedo only occurred in conjunction with extreme weather events like after blizzards or during warm spells. ...
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