Migration verticale du zooplancton et flux respiratoire de carbone en mer de Beaufort (Arctique canadien)

• Main Author: Darnis, Gérald
• Other Authors: Fortier, Louis
• Format: Thesis
• Language: French
• Published: Université Laval 2013
• Subjects: envir; geo; Arctic; Mer de Beaufort; Arctique*; Beaufort Sea; Calanus hyperboreus; ice algae; Phytoplankton; Zooplankton; Copepods
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24282

Zooplankton play a pivotal role in the energy transfer through the oceanic food webs and in the biogeochemical carbon cycle within marine ecosystems. The entire community recycles CO2 by consuming photosynthetically fixed carbon and respiring it thereafter. Vertical migrants transport stored carbon and respire it at depth, thus, contributing to its export from the epipelagic zone. Active respiratory flux has not been measured in the Arctic despite the high potential for transport due to the strong contribution of the seasonal migrant Calanus hyperboreus to zooplankton biomass. This thesis exploits a quasi-annual time series of zooplankton biomass and respiration profiles to: (1) quantify this process in the Beaufort Sea; (2) improve our knowledge on the seasonal fluctuations of the vertical distribution of seven key arctic copepods; and (3) track the life cycle of Calanus hyperboreus. This large herbivore contributed 45% to the zooplankton biomass and performed the most extensive vertical migration. Its seasonal ascent, ranging about 200 m, and those of lesser magnitude of C. glacialis and the small omnivore Oithona similis, coincided with the ice algae and phytoplankton blooms. Despite vigorous winter reproduction at depth, a precocious ice break-up, and high spring-summer primary production, weak recruitment to copepodite stage caused C. hyperboreus population growth to stagnate. In their mesopelagic habitat, the highly abundant omnivore Metridia longa, and Microcalanus pygmaeus, could have exerted a control on this population by intercepting C. hyperboreus eggs floating toward the surface. The cryophilic Pseudocalanus spp. remained year-round in the cold epipelagic zone while the mesopelagic Triconia borealis, likely a semi-parasite of C. hyperboreus, was associated with it in the warmer Atlantic layer. Temperature had little effect on the vertical displacements of arctic copepods. The Calanus-dominated large zooplankton was responsible for 89% of zooplankton grazing on the April-July gross primary ...