Critical evaluation of climate syntheses to benchmark CMIP6/PMIP4 127 ka Last Interglacial simulations in the high-latitude regions

• Published in: Quaternary Science Reviews
• Main Authors: Capron, E., Govin, A., Feng, R., Otto-bliesner, B. L., Wolff, E. W.
• Format: Text
• Language: English
• Published: Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: geo; envir; Southern Ocean; Antarc*; Antarctica; North Atlantic
• Online Access: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.019; https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00496/60792/83886.pdf; https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00496/60792/

The Last Interglacial (LIG, similar to 129-116 thousand years ago, ka) represents an excellent case study to investigate the response of sensitive components of the Earth System and mechanisms of high-latitude amplification to a climate warmer than present-day. The Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (Phase 4, hereafter referred as PMIP4) and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (Phase 6, hereafter referred as CMIP6) are coordinating the design of (1) a LIG Tier 1 equilibrium simulation to simulate the climate response at 127 ka, a time interval associated with a strong orbital forcing and greenhouse gas concentrations close to preindustrial levels and (2) associated Tier 2 sensitivity experiments to examine the role of the ocean, vegetation and dust feedbacks in modulating the response to this orbital forcing. Evaluating the capability of the CMIP6/PMIP4 models to reproduce the 127 ka polar and sub-polar climate will require appropriate data-based benchmarks which are currently missing. Based on a recent data synthesis that offers the first spatio-temporal representation of high-latitude (i.e. poleward of 40 degrees N and 40 degrees S) surface temperature evolution during the LIG, we produce a new 126-128 ka time slab, hereafter named 127 ka time slice. This 127 ka time slice represents surface temperature anomalies relative to preindustrial and is associated with quantitative estimates of the uncertainties related to relative dating and surface temperature reconstruction methods. It illustrates warmer-than-preindustrial conditions in the high-latitude regions of both hemispheres. In particular, summer sea surface temperatures (SST) in the North Atlantic region were on average 1.1 degrees C (with a standard error of the mean of 0.7 degrees C) warmer relative to preindustrial and 1.8 degrees C (with a standard error of the mean of 0.8 degrees C) in the Southern Ocean. In Antarctica, average 127 ka annual surface air temperature was 2.2 degrees C (with a standard error of the mean of 1.4 degrees C) ...