Quelle place pour les sciences de l'environnement physique dans l'histoire environnementale ?

• Main Author: Doel, Ronald E.
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: French
• Published: 2009
• Subjects: Arctique; guerre froide; réchauffement climatique; financement militaire; sciences de l'environnement physique; recherche interdisciplinaire; Arctic; cold war; global warming; military funding; physical environmental sciences; interdisciplinary research; hist; geo; Arctique*; Climate change; Global warming
• Online Access: http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_ARTICLE=RHMC_564_0137

In 1947, the Pentagon became interested in polar warming and global climate change. It did so not because of concerns about the natural environment, as these became generally understood by the 1980s and 1990s, but because of pragmatic defense issues : the prospect of climate change in high latitudes left military authorities worried about the United States’ ability to confront the Soviet Union in the high Arctic, where a hot conflict with its emerging cold war adversary seemed increasingly possible. Pentagon officials also saw polar warming as a broader kind of threat : a warming Arctic climate meant that the Soviet Union might obtain new advantages. By the late 1940s the polar region had become, as never before, a potential theater of war. State concern with the Arctic environment helped to shape U. S. Army, Navy, and Air Force scientific planning and tactical studies through the 1950s. Military fascination with the Arctic created new research institutions and new funding to address broad interdisciplinary problems. It helped shape a distinct form of the environmental sciences in the United States before the environmental movement (which emphasized the biological environmental sciences including ecology, genetics, and natural history) gained ground in the 1960s and early 1970s. En 1947, le Pentagone commença à s’intéresser au réchauffement polaire et au changement climatique global. Ce n’est pas le souci de l’environnement naturel qui était à l’origine de cet intérêt, comme on le pensait généralement dans les années 1980 et 1990, mais plutôt des problèmes de défense très pragmatiques : le réchauffement climatique arctique signifiait que l’Union soviétique pouvait obtenir de nouveaux avantages. À la fin des années 1940, la région polaire devint, comme jamais auparavant, un théâtre de guerre potentiel. La préoccupation de l’État pour l’environnement arctique aida à définir la planification scientifique et les études tactiques de l’armée de terre, de la marine et de l’armée de l’air, au cours des années 1950. La ...