Phenotypic and genetic characterisation of the carabid beetle Merizodus soledadinus along its invasion gradient at the subantartic Kerguelen Islands

• Main Author: Ouisse, Tiphaine
• Other Authors: Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution Rennes (ECOBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Rennes 1, David Renault, Frederik Hendrickx
• Format: Thesis
• Language: English
• Published: HAL CCSD 2016
• Subjects: Ecophysiology; Biological Invasions; Dispersal Ecology; Phenomics; Population Genetics; Phénomique; Génétique des Populations; Invasions Biologiques; Ecologie de la Dispersion; Ecophysiologie; envir; geo; Îles Kerguelen; Kerguelen; Kerguelen Islands
• Online Access: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01494619/file/OUISSE_Tiphaine.pdf; https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01494619

Global trade and human movements increase the likelihood of long-distance transportation of propagules and their subsequent introduction into new geographic regions. In some instances, newly established species can become dominant in invaded communities, at the expense of native species. Besides threatening invaded communities and ecosystem functions, biological invasions constitute natural experiments that allow to study eco-evolutionary processes in real time, including the occurrence of new biotic interactions affecting community composition, rapid adaptation to novel environmental conditions, or dispersal evolution at range margins. Because of their impoverished native communities, oceanic islands’ ecosystems are particularly sensitive to biological invasions, and the French subantarctic islands are no exception. For instance, the flightless predatory carabid beetle Merizodus soledadinus is native from the southern tip of South America, and has been accidentally introduced to the Kerguelen Islands in 1913. In the present work, we aimed at understanding the main mechanisms underlying the invasive success of this insect at the Kerguelen Islands. Using a vast array of methodologies, ecological features of M. soledadinus were investigated with analytical procedures scaling from population to molecule through the individual level. Genetic investigations support the historically-based hypothesis of a single introduction event at a unique location of the Kerguelen Islands. No genetic structure was observed among individuals sampled from different populations along the invasion gradient. We tested the hypothesis of spatial sorting of populations during range expansion, by exploring phenotypic changes among individuals sampled along the invasion gradient. The measured phenotypic traits revealed major differentiation of adults according to the residence time of their populations, confirming the occurrence of spatial sorting of populations during geographic expansion. We also demonstrated that the geographic expansion ...