Measurement of acoustic attenuation in South Pole ice

• Published in: Astroparticle Physics
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier 2012
• Subjects: neutrino astronomy; acoustics; South Pole; acoustic attenuation; ice; Alabama; Anchorage; Bertrand; Canada; Christchurch; Filimonov; Finley; Goodman; Hulth; Keble; Kohnen; Morse; New Zealand; Nygren; Perez; Sullivan; South pole; Alaska; morse
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/2262/63891; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.astropartphys.2010.10.003

Abstract Using the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS) and a retrievable transmitter deployed in holes drilled for the IceCube experiment, we have measured the attenuation of acoustic signals by South Pole ice at depths between 190 m and 500 m. Three data sets, using different acoustic sources, have been analyzed and give consistent results. The method with the smallest systematic uncertainties yields an amplitude attenuation coefficient ?=3.20 ? 0.57 km-1 between 10 and 30 kHz, considerably larger than previous theoretical estimates. Expressed as an attenuation length, the analyses give a consistent result for ? ?1/? of ~300 m with 20% uncertainty. No significant depth or frequency dependence has been found. correspondence: Corresponding author. (Tosi, D.) [e-mail] (Tosi, D.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Abbasi, R.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (Abdou, Y.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - River Falls--> , WI 54022--> - UNITED STATES (Abu-Zayyad, T.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa--> , AL 35487--> - UNITED STATES (Adams, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Aguilar, J.A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Oxford - 1 Keble Road--> , Oxford OX1 3NP--> - UNITED KINGDOM (Ahlers, M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Andeen, K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Auffenberg, J.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Bai, X.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Baker, M.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine--> , CA 92697--> - UNITED STATES (Barwick, S.W.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Bay, R.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Bazo Alba, J.L.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Beattie, K.) Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University - Columbus--> , OH 43210--> - UNITED STATES (Beatty, J.J.) Dept. of Astronomy, Ohio State University - Columbus--> , OH 43210--> - UNITED STATES (Beatty, J.J.) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230 - B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Bechet, S.) Fakultat fur Physik & Astronomie--> , Ruhr-Universitat Bochum--> , D-44780 Bochum--> - GERMANY (Becker, J.K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Becker, K.-H.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Benabderrahmane, M.L.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Berdermann, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Berghaus, P.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Berley, D.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Bernardini, E.) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230 - B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Bertrand, D.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas - Lawrence--> , KS 66045--> - UNITED STATES (Besson, D.Z.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Bissok, M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Blaufuss, E.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Boersma, D.J.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Bohm, C.) Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn - Nussallee 12--> , D-53115 Bonn--> - GERMANY (Boser, S.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Botner, O.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Bradley, L.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Braun, J.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Buitink, S.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (Carson, M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Chirkin, D.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Christy, B.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Clem, J.) Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University - D-44221 Dortmund--> - GERMANY (Clevermann, F.) Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale - CH-1015 Lausanne--> - SWITZERLAND (Cohen, S.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Colnard, C.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Cowen, D.F.) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Cowen, D.F.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (D?Agostino, M.V.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Danninger, M.) Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Dienst ELEM--> , B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (De Clercq, C.) Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale - CH-1015 Lausanne--> - SWITZERLAND (Demirors, L.) Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Dienst ELEM--> , B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Depaepe, O.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (Descamps, F.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Desiati, P.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (de Vries-Uiterweerd, G.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (De Young, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (D?'az-Velez, J.C.) Fakultat fur Physik & Astronomie--> , Ruhr-Universitat Bochum--> , D-44780 Bochum--> - GERMANY (Dreyer, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Dumm, J.P.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Utrecht University/SRON - NL-3584 CC Utrecht--> - NETHERLANDS (Duvoort, M.R.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Ehrlich, R.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Eisch, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Ellsworth, R.W.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Engdeg?rd, O.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Euler, S.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Evenson, P.A.) CTSPS--> , Clark-Atlanta University--> , Atlanta--> , GA 30314--> - UNITED STATES (Fadiran, O.) Dept. of Physics, Southern University - Baton Rouge--> , LA 70813--> - UNITED STATES (Fazely, A.R.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (Feusels, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Filimonov, K.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Finley, C.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Foerster, M.M.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Fox, B.D.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Franckowiak, A.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Franke, R.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Gaisser, T.K.) Dept. of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Gallagher, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Ganugapati, R.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Geisler, M.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Gerhardt, L.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Gerhardt, L.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Gladstone, L.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Glusenkamp, T.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Goldschmidt, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Goodman, J.A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Alberta - Edmonton--> , Alberta--> , Canada T6G 2G7--> - (Grant, D.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Griesel, T.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury - Private Bag 4800--> , Christchurch--> - NEW ZEALAND (Gro?, A.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Gro?, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Grullon, S.) Dept. of Physics, Southern University - Baton Rouge--> , LA 70813--> - UNITED STATES (Gunasingha, R.M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Gurtner, M.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Gustafsson, L.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Ha, C.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Hallgren, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Halzen, F.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury - Private Bag 4800--> , Christchurch--> - NEW ZEALAND (Han, K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Hanson, K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Helbing, K.) Universite de Mons - 7000 Mons--> - BELGIUM (Herquet, P.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury - Private Bag 4800--> , Christchurch--> - NEW ZEALAND (Hickford, S.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Hill, G.C.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Hoffman, K.D.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Homeier, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Hoshina, K.) Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Dienst ELEM--> , B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Hubert, D.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Huelsnitz, W.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Hul?, J.-P.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Hulth, P.O.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Hultqvist, K.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Hussain, S.) Dept. of Physics, Southern University - Baton Rouge--> , LA 70813--> - UNITED STATES (Imlay, R.L.) Dept. of Physics, Chiba University - Chiba 263-8522--> - JAPAN (Ishihara, A.) Universite de Mons - 7000 Mons--> - BELGIUM (Jacobsen, J.) CTSPS--> , Clark-Atlanta University--> , Atlanta--> , GA 30314--> - UNITED STATES (Japaridze, G.S.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Johansson, H.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Joseph, J.M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Kampert, K.-H.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Kappes, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Karg, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Karle, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Kelley, J.L.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Kemming, N.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas - Lawrence--> , KS 66045--> - UNITED STATES (Kenny, P.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Kiryluk, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Kiryluk, J.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Kislat, F.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Klein, S.R.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Klein, S.R.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Knops, S.) Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University - D-44221 Dortmund--> - GERMANY (Kohne, J.-H.) Universite de Mons - 7000 Mons--> - BELGIUM (Kohnen, G.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Kolanoski, H.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Kopke, L.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Koskinen, D.J.) Physikalisches Institut, Universitat Bonn - Nussallee 12--> , D-53115 Bonn--> - GERMANY (Kowalski, M.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Kowarik, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Krasberg, M.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Krings, T.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Kroll, G.) Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University - Columbus--> , OH 43210--> - UNITED STATES (Kuehn, K.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Kuwabara, T.) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230 - B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Labare, M.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Lafebre, S.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Laihem, K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Landsman, H.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Lauer, R.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Lehmann, R.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Lennarz, D.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Lunemann, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - River Falls--> , WI 54022--> - UNITED STATES (Madsen, J.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Majumdar, P.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Maruyama, R.) Dept. of Physics, Chiba University - Chiba 263-8522--> - JAPAN (Mase, K.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Matis, H.S.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Matusik, M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Meagher, K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Merck, M.) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Meszaros, P.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Meszaros, P.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Meures, T.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Middell, E.) Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University - D-44221 Dortmund--> - GERMANY (Milke, N.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Montaruli, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Morse, R.) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Movit, S.M.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Nahnhauer, R.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine--> , CA 92697--> - UNITED STATES (Nam, J.W.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Naumann, U.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Nie?en, P.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Nygren, D.R.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Odrowski, S.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Olivas, A.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Olivo, M.) Fakultat fur Physik & Astronomie--> , Ruhr-Universitat Bochum--> , D-44780 Bochum--> - GERMANY (Olivo, M.) Dept. of Physics, Chiba University - Chiba 263-8522--> - JAPAN (Ono, M.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Panknin, S.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Paul, L.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Perez de los Heros, C.) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230 - B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Petrovic, J.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Piegsa, A.) Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University - D-44221 Dortmund--> - GERMANY (Pieloth, D.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Porrata, R.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Posselt, J.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Price, P.B.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Prikockis, M.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Przybylski, G.T.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alaska Anchorage - 3211 Providence Dr.--> , Anchorage--> , AK 99508--> - UNITED STATES (Rawlins, K.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Redl, P.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Resconi, E.) Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University - D-44221 Dortmund--> - GERMANY (Rhode, W.) Laboratory for High Energy Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale - CH-1015 Lausanne--> - SWITZERLAND (Ribordy, M.) Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Dienst ELEM--> , B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Rizzo, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Rodrigues, J.P.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Roth, P.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Rothmaier, F.) Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University - Columbus--> , OH 43210--> - UNITED STATES (Rott, C.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Roucelle, C.) Dept. of Physics, TU Dortmund University - D-44221 Dortmund--> - GERMANY (Ruhe, T.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Rutledge, D.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Ruzybayev, B.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (Ryckbosch, D.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Sander, H.-G.) Dept. of Physics, University of Oxford - 1 Keble Road--> , Oxford OX1 3NP--> - UNITED KINGDOM (Sarkar, S.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Schatto, K.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Schlenstedt, S.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Schmidt, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Schneider, D.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Schukraft, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Schultes, A.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Schulz, O.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Schunck, M.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Seckel, D.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wuppertal - D-42119 Wuppertal--> - GERMANY (Semburg, B.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Seo, S.H.) Max-Planck-Institut fur Kernphysik - D-69177 Heidelberg--> - GERMANY (Sestayo, Y.) Dept. of Physics, University of the West Indies - Cave Hill Campus--> , Bridgetown BB11000--> - BARBADOS (Seunarine, S.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine--> , CA 92697--> - UNITED STATES (Silvestri, A.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Slipak, A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - River Falls--> , WI 54022--> - UNITED STATES (Spiczak, G.M.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Spiering, C.) Dept. of Physics and Center for Cosmology and Astro-Particle Physics, Ohio State University - Columbus--> , OH 43210--> - UNITED STATES (Stamatikos, M.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Stanev, T.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Stephens, G.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Stezelberger, T.) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Stokstad, R.G.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Stoyanov, S.) Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Dienst ELEM--> , B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Strahler, E.A.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Straszheim, T.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Sullivan, G.W.) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230 - B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (Swillens, Q.) School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology - Atlanta--> , GA 30332. USA--> - (Taboada, I.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - River Falls--> , WI 54022--> - UNITED STATES (Tamburro, A.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Tarasova, O.) School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, Georgia Institute of Technology - Atlanta--> , GA 30332. USA--> - (Tepe, A.) Dept. of Physics, Southern University - Baton Rouge--> , LA 70813--> - UNITED STATES (Ter-Antonyan, S.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Tilav, S.) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park - PA 16802--> - UNITED STATES (Toale, P.A.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Tosi, D.) GERMANY (Tosi, D.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Turcan, D.) Vrije Universiteit Brussel - Dienst ELEM--> , B-1050 Brussels--> - BELGIUM (van Eijndhoven, N.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Vandenbroucke, J.) Dept. of Subatomic and Radiation Physics, University of Gent - B-9000 Gent--> - BELGIUM (Van Overloop, A.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (van Santen, J.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Voigt, B.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Walck, C.) Institut fur Physik, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin - D-12489 Berlin--> - GERMANY (Waldenmaier, T.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Wallraff, M.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Walter, M.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Wendt, C.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Westerhoff, S.) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison--> , WI 53706--> - UNITED STATES (Whitehorn, N.) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz - Staudinger Weg 7--> , D-55099 Mainz--> - GERMANY (Wiebe, K.) III. Physikalisches Institut, RWTH Aachen University - D-52056 Aachen--> - GERMANY (Wiebusch, C.H.) Oskar Klein Centre and Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University - SE-10691 Stockholm--> - SWEDEN (Wikstrom, G.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa--> , AL 35487--> - UNITED STATES (Williams, D.R.) DESY--> , D-15735 Zeuthen--> - GERMANY (Wischnewski, R.) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park - MD 20742--> - UNITED STATES (Wissing, H.) Dept. of Physics, University of California - Berkeley--> , CA 94720--> - UNITED STATES (Woschnagg, K.) Bartol Research Institute and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware - Newark--> , DE 19716--> - UNITED STATES (Xu, C.) Dept. of Physics, Southern University - Baton Rouge--> , LA 70813--> - UNITED STATES (Xu, X.W.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University - Box 516--> , S-75120 Uppsala--> - SWEDEN (Yanez, J.P.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of California - Irvine--> , CA 92697--> - UNITED STATES (Yodh, G.) Dept. of Physics, Chiba University - Chiba 263-8522--> - JAPAN (Yoshida, S.) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama - Tuscaloosa--> , AL 35487--> - UNITED STATES (Zarzhitsky, P.) BARBADOS BELGIUM GERMANY JAPAN NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND SWEDEN SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES Received: 2010-04-10 Revised: 2010-10-05 Accepted: 2010-10-05