Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations
Rob Williams was supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (Project CONCEAL, FP7, PIIF-GA-2009-253407). As sublethal human pressures on marine wildlife and their habitats increase and interact in complex ways, there is a pressi...
Published in: | Marine Policy |
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Main Authors: | , , , , |
Other Authors: | , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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2016
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 |
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ftstandrewserep:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/8716 |
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openpolar |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository |
op_collection_id |
ftstandrewserep |
language |
English |
topic |
Allowable harm limits Cumulative impact Industrialization Marine mammal Ocean Population dynamics Whale QH301 Biology NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water QH301 |
spellingShingle |
Allowable harm limits Cumulative impact Industrialization Marine mammal Ocean Population dynamics Whale QH301 Biology NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water QH301 Williams, Rob Thomas, Len Ashe, Erin Clark, Christopher W. Hammond, Philip S. Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
topic_facet |
Allowable harm limits Cumulative impact Industrialization Marine mammal Ocean Population dynamics Whale QH301 Biology NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water QH301 |
description |
Rob Williams was supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (Project CONCEAL, FP7, PIIF-GA-2009-253407). As sublethal human pressures on marine wildlife and their habitats increase and interact in complex ways, there is a pressing need for methods to quantify cumulative impacts of these stressors on populations, and policy decisions about allowable harm limits. Few studies quantify population consequences of individual stressors, and fewer quantify synergistic effects. Incorporating all sources of uncertainty can cause predictions to span the range from negligible to catastrophic. Two places were identified to bound this problem through energetic mechanisms that reduce prey available to individuals. First, the US Marine Mammal Protection Act's Potential Biological Removal (PBR) equation was used as a placeholder allowable harm limit to represent the number of animals that can be removed annually without depleting a population below agreed-upon management targets. That rephrased the research question from, “How big could cumulative impacts be?” to “How big would cumulative impacts have to be to exceed an agreed-upon threshold?” Secondly, two data-rich case studies, namely Gulf of Maine humpback and northeast Pacific resident killer whales, were used as examples to parameterize the weakest link, namely between prey availability and demography. Given no additional information, the model predicted that human activities need only reduce prey available to the killer whale population by ~10% to cause a population-level take, through reduced fecundity and/or survival, equivalent to PBR. By contrast, in the humpback population, reduction in prey availability of ~50% was needed to cause a similar, PBR-sized effect. The paper describes an approach – results are merely illustrative. The two case studies differ in prey specialization, life history, and, no doubt, proximity to carrying capacity. This method of inverting the problem refocuses discussions ... |
author2 |
European Commission University of St Andrews. Statistics University of St Andrews. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews. School of Biology University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Williams, Rob Thomas, Len Ashe, Erin Clark, Christopher W. Hammond, Philip S. |
author_facet |
Williams, Rob Thomas, Len Ashe, Erin Clark, Christopher W. Hammond, Philip S. |
author_sort |
Williams, Rob |
title |
Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
title_short |
Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
title_full |
Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
title_fullStr |
Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
title_full_unstemmed |
Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
title_sort |
gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations |
publishDate |
2016 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 |
geographic |
Pacific |
geographic_facet |
Pacific |
genre |
Killer Whale Killer whale |
genre_facet |
Killer Whale Killer whale |
op_relation |
Marine Policy Williams , R , Thomas , L , Ashe , E , Clark , C W & Hammond , P S 2016 , ' Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations ' , Marine Policy , vol. 70 , pp. 58-64 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 0308-597X PURE: 242338792 PURE UUID: ecc911c7-726b-4cb0-96df-512442560c27 RIS: urn:343C3BCE746BA63114118A7348FFF099 Scopus: 84964489796 ORCID: /0000-0002-2381-8302/work/47531598 ORCID: /0000-0002-7436-067X/work/29591652 WOS: 000379371500007 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 253407 |
op_rights |
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits copying and redistribution of the article, and creation of adaptations, all for non-commercial purposes. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 |
container_title |
Marine Policy |
container_volume |
70 |
container_start_page |
58 |
op_container_end_page |
64 |
_version_ |
1770272528149774336 |
spelling |
ftstandrewserep:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/8716 2023-07-02T03:32:50+02:00 Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations Williams, Rob Thomas, Len Ashe, Erin Clark, Christopher W. Hammond, Philip S. European Commission University of St Andrews. Statistics University of St Andrews. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews. School of Biology University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute 2016-05-03T11:30:11Z 7 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 eng eng Marine Policy Williams , R , Thomas , L , Ashe , E , Clark , C W & Hammond , P S 2016 , ' Gauging allowable harm limits to cumulative, sub-lethal effects of human activities on wildlife : a case-study approach using two whale populations ' , Marine Policy , vol. 70 , pp. 58-64 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 0308-597X PURE: 242338792 PURE UUID: ecc911c7-726b-4cb0-96df-512442560c27 RIS: urn:343C3BCE746BA63114118A7348FFF099 Scopus: 84964489796 ORCID: /0000-0002-2381-8302/work/47531598 ORCID: /0000-0002-7436-067X/work/29591652 WOS: 000379371500007 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8716 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 253407 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits copying and redistribution of the article, and creation of adaptations, all for non-commercial purposes. Allowable harm limits Cumulative impact Industrialization Marine mammal Ocean Population dynamics Whale QH301 Biology NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water QH301 Journal article 2016 ftstandrewserep https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.04.023 2023-06-13T18:29:32Z Rob Williams was supported by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (Project CONCEAL, FP7, PIIF-GA-2009-253407). As sublethal human pressures on marine wildlife and their habitats increase and interact in complex ways, there is a pressing need for methods to quantify cumulative impacts of these stressors on populations, and policy decisions about allowable harm limits. Few studies quantify population consequences of individual stressors, and fewer quantify synergistic effects. Incorporating all sources of uncertainty can cause predictions to span the range from negligible to catastrophic. Two places were identified to bound this problem through energetic mechanisms that reduce prey available to individuals. First, the US Marine Mammal Protection Act's Potential Biological Removal (PBR) equation was used as a placeholder allowable harm limit to represent the number of animals that can be removed annually without depleting a population below agreed-upon management targets. That rephrased the research question from, “How big could cumulative impacts be?” to “How big would cumulative impacts have to be to exceed an agreed-upon threshold?” Secondly, two data-rich case studies, namely Gulf of Maine humpback and northeast Pacific resident killer whales, were used as examples to parameterize the weakest link, namely between prey availability and demography. Given no additional information, the model predicted that human activities need only reduce prey available to the killer whale population by ~10% to cause a population-level take, through reduced fecundity and/or survival, equivalent to PBR. By contrast, in the humpback population, reduction in prey availability of ~50% was needed to cause a similar, PBR-sized effect. The paper describes an approach – results are merely illustrative. The two case studies differ in prey specialization, life history, and, no doubt, proximity to carrying capacity. This method of inverting the problem refocuses discussions ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Killer Whale Killer whale University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository Pacific Marine Policy 70 58 64 |