Estimated tissue and blood N2 levels and risk of in vivo bubble formation in deep-, intermediate- and shallow diving toothed whales during exposure to naval sonar.

• Published in: Frontiers in Physiology
• Main Authors: Kvadsheim, Petter H, Miller, Patrick, Tyack, Peter Lloyd, Sivle, Lise D, Lam, Frans Peter, Fahlman, Andreas
• Other Authors: University of St Andrews.School of Biology, University of St Andrews.Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews.Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews.Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution, University of St Andrews.Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, University of St Andrews.Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews.Sound Tags Group, University of St Andrews.Bioacoustics group
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2012
• Subjects: Diving physiology; Modeling; Decompression sickness; Marine mammals; Gas exchange; QP Physiology; SDG 14 - Life Below Water; QP; toothed whales
• Online Access: https://hdl.handle.net/10023/3301; https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00125

Naval sonar has been accused of causing whale stranding by a mechanism which increases formation of tissue N2 gas bubbles. Increased tissue and blood N2 levels, and thereby increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS), is thought to result from changes in behavior or physiological responses during diving. Previous theoretical studies have used hypothetical sonar-induced changes in both behavior and physiology to model blood and tissue N2 tension PN2, but this is the first attempt to estimate the changes during actual behavioral responses to sonar. We used an existing mathematical model to estimate blood and tissue N2 tension PN2 from dive data recorded from sperm, killer, long-finned pilot, Blainville’s beaked, and Cuvier’s beaked whales before and during exposure to Low- (1–2 kHz) and Mid- (2–7 kHz) frequency active sonar. Our objectives were: (1) to determine if differences in dive behavior affects risk of bubble formation, and if (2) behavioral- or (3) physiological responses to sonar are plausible risk factors. Our results suggest that all species have natural high N2 levels, with deep diving generally resulting in higher end-dive PN2 as compared with shallow diving. Sonar exposure caused some changes in dive behavior in both killer whales, pilot whales and beaked whales, but this did not lead to any increased risk of DCS. However, in three of eight exposure session with sperm whales, the animal changed to shallower diving, and in all these cases this seem to result in an increased risk of DCS, although risk was still within the normal risk range of this species. When a hypothetical removal of the normal dive response (bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction), was added to the behavioral response during model simulations, this led to an increased variance in the estimated end-dive N2 levels, but no consistent change of risk. In conclusion, we cannot rule out the possibility that a combination of behavioral and physiological responses to sonar have the potential to alter the blood and tissue end-dive N2 ...