Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge
This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research [grant numbers N000142012697, N000142112096]; and the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program [grant numbers RC20-1097, RC20-7188, RC21-3091]. Wildlife populations and their habitats are exposed to an expanding diversity and in...
Published in: | Science of The Total Environment |
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2022
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24778 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 |
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ftstandrewserep:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/24778 2023-07-02T03:33:09+02:00 Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge Pirotta, Enrico Thomas, Len Costa, Daniel Hall, Ailsa Jane Harris, Catriona M Harwood, John Kraus, Scott Miller, Patrick James Moore, Michael Photopoulou, Theoni Rolland, Rosalind Schwacke, Lori Simmons, Samantha Southall, Brandon Tyack, Peter Lloyd University of St Andrews. School of Biology University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit 2022-01-31T11:30:10Z 13 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24778 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 eng eng Science of the Total Environment Pirotta , E , Thomas , L , Costa , D , Hall , A J , Harris , C M , Harwood , J , Kraus , S , Miller , P J , Moore , M , Photopoulou , T , Rolland , R , Schwacke , L , Simmons , S , Southall , B & Tyack , P L 2022 , ' Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge ' , Science of the Total Environment , vol. 821 , 153322 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 0048-9697 PURE: 277508571 PURE UUID: fe6689da-3049-4f9a-bb13-8e19ec1e7528 Scopus: 85123700890 WOS: 000800673700010 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24778 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 Copyright © 2022 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Adaptive Management Climate change Combined effects Mechanistic modelling Multiple stressors Population consequences GE Environmental Sciences GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography QH301 Biology SDG 13 - Climate Action AC GE GF QH301 Journal item 2022 ftstandrewserep https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 2023-06-13T18:27:35Z This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research [grant numbers N000142012697, N000142112096]; and the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program [grant numbers RC20-1097, RC20-7188, RC21-3091]. Wildlife populations and their habitats are exposed to an expanding diversity and intensity of stressors caused by human activities, within the broader context of natural processes and increasing pressure from climate change. Estimating how these multiple stressors affect individuals, populations, and ecosystems is thus of growing importance. However, their combined effects often cannot be predicted reliably from the individual effects of each stressor, and we lack the mechanistic understanding and analytical tools to predict their joint outcomes. We review the science of multiple stressors and present a conceptual framework that captures and reconciles the variety of existing approaches for assessing combined effects. Specifically, we show that all approaches lie along a spectrum, reflecting increasing assumptions about the mechanisms that regulate the action of single stressors and their combined effects. An emphasis on mechanisms improves analytical precision and predictive power but could introduce bias if the underlying assumptions are incorrect. A purely empirical approach has less risk of bias but requires adequate data on the effects of the full range of anticipated combinations of stressor types and magnitudes. We illustrate how this spectrum can be formalised into specific analytical methods, using an example of North Atlantic right whales feeding on limited prey resources while simultaneously being affected by entanglement in fishing gear. In practice, case-specific management needs and data availability will guide the exploration of the stressor combinations of interest and the selection of a suitable trade-off between precision and bias. We argue that the primary goal for adaptive management should be to identify the most practical and effective ways to remove or reduce specific ... Article in Journal/Newspaper North Atlantic University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository Science of The Total Environment 821 153322 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository |
op_collection_id |
ftstandrewserep |
language |
English |
topic |
Adaptive Management Climate change Combined effects Mechanistic modelling Multiple stressors Population consequences GE Environmental Sciences GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography QH301 Biology SDG 13 - Climate Action AC GE GF QH301 |
spellingShingle |
Adaptive Management Climate change Combined effects Mechanistic modelling Multiple stressors Population consequences GE Environmental Sciences GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography QH301 Biology SDG 13 - Climate Action AC GE GF QH301 Pirotta, Enrico Thomas, Len Costa, Daniel Hall, Ailsa Jane Harris, Catriona M Harwood, John Kraus, Scott Miller, Patrick James Moore, Michael Photopoulou, Theoni Rolland, Rosalind Schwacke, Lori Simmons, Samantha Southall, Brandon Tyack, Peter Lloyd Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
topic_facet |
Adaptive Management Climate change Combined effects Mechanistic modelling Multiple stressors Population consequences GE Environmental Sciences GF Human ecology. Anthropogeography QH301 Biology SDG 13 - Climate Action AC GE GF QH301 |
description |
This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research [grant numbers N000142012697, N000142112096]; and the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program [grant numbers RC20-1097, RC20-7188, RC21-3091]. Wildlife populations and their habitats are exposed to an expanding diversity and intensity of stressors caused by human activities, within the broader context of natural processes and increasing pressure from climate change. Estimating how these multiple stressors affect individuals, populations, and ecosystems is thus of growing importance. However, their combined effects often cannot be predicted reliably from the individual effects of each stressor, and we lack the mechanistic understanding and analytical tools to predict their joint outcomes. We review the science of multiple stressors and present a conceptual framework that captures and reconciles the variety of existing approaches for assessing combined effects. Specifically, we show that all approaches lie along a spectrum, reflecting increasing assumptions about the mechanisms that regulate the action of single stressors and their combined effects. An emphasis on mechanisms improves analytical precision and predictive power but could introduce bias if the underlying assumptions are incorrect. A purely empirical approach has less risk of bias but requires adequate data on the effects of the full range of anticipated combinations of stressor types and magnitudes. We illustrate how this spectrum can be formalised into specific analytical methods, using an example of North Atlantic right whales feeding on limited prey resources while simultaneously being affected by entanglement in fishing gear. In practice, case-specific management needs and data availability will guide the exploration of the stressor combinations of interest and the selection of a suitable trade-off between precision and bias. We argue that the primary goal for adaptive management should be to identify the most practical and effective ways to remove or reduce specific ... |
author2 |
University of St Andrews. School of Biology University of St Andrews. Centre for Research into Ecological & Environmental Modelling University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
Pirotta, Enrico Thomas, Len Costa, Daniel Hall, Ailsa Jane Harris, Catriona M Harwood, John Kraus, Scott Miller, Patrick James Moore, Michael Photopoulou, Theoni Rolland, Rosalind Schwacke, Lori Simmons, Samantha Southall, Brandon Tyack, Peter Lloyd |
author_facet |
Pirotta, Enrico Thomas, Len Costa, Daniel Hall, Ailsa Jane Harris, Catriona M Harwood, John Kraus, Scott Miller, Patrick James Moore, Michael Photopoulou, Theoni Rolland, Rosalind Schwacke, Lori Simmons, Samantha Southall, Brandon Tyack, Peter Lloyd |
author_sort |
Pirotta, Enrico |
title |
Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
title_short |
Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
title_full |
Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
title_fullStr |
Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
title_full_unstemmed |
Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
title_sort |
understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24778 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 |
genre |
North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
North Atlantic |
op_relation |
Science of the Total Environment Pirotta , E , Thomas , L , Costa , D , Hall , A J , Harris , C M , Harwood , J , Kraus , S , Miller , P J , Moore , M , Photopoulou , T , Rolland , R , Schwacke , L , Simmons , S , Southall , B & Tyack , P L 2022 , ' Understanding the combined effects of multiple stressors : a new perspective on a longstanding challenge ' , Science of the Total Environment , vol. 821 , 153322 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 0048-9697 PURE: 277508571 PURE UUID: fe6689da-3049-4f9a-bb13-8e19ec1e7528 Scopus: 85123700890 WOS: 000800673700010 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24778 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 |
op_rights |
Copyright © 2022 The Authors. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153322 |
container_title |
Science of The Total Environment |
container_volume |
821 |
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153322 |
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