Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar
This study was sponsored by the U.S. Living Marine Resources program, Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant Nos. N00014-18-1-2062 and N00014-20-1-2709, UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), French Direction générale de l'armement (DGA), and the Netherlands Ministry of Defence. Mod...
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24683 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 |
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ftstandrewserep:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/24683 2023-07-02T03:33:47+02:00 Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar von Benda-Beckmann, A M Isojunno, S Zandvliet, M Ainslie, M A Wensveen, P J Tyack, P L Kvadsheim, P H Lam, F P A Miller, P J O University of St Andrews. School of Biology University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution University of St Andrews. Bioacoustics group University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland 2022-01-17T16:30:10Z 18 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24683 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 eng eng Journal of the Acoustical Society of America von Benda-Beckmann , A M , Isojunno , S , Zandvliet , M , Ainslie , M A , Wensveen , P J , Tyack , P L , Kvadsheim , P H , Lam , F P A & Miller , P J O 2021 , ' Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar ' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , vol. 149 , no. 4 , pp. 2908-2925 . https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 0001-4966 PURE: 274077901 PURE UUID: c7aed4c0-e79e-4149-b278-c36343cdbd0d Bibtex: VonBenda-Beckmann2021 ORCID: /0000-0002-2212-2135/work/93514405 ORCID: /0000-0002-8409-4790/work/93514690 Scopus: 85105282914 WOS: 000646687900001 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24683 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 Copyright © 2021 Acoustical Society of America. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the final published version of the work, which was originally published at https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769. GC Oceanography QH301 Biology T-NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water GC QH301 Journal article 2022 ftstandrewserep https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 2023-06-13T18:30:22Z This study was sponsored by the U.S. Living Marine Resources program, Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant Nos. N00014-18-1-2062 and N00014-20-1-2709, UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), French Direction générale de l'armement (DGA), and the Netherlands Ministry of Defence. Modern active sonar systems can (almost) continuously transmit and receive sound, which can lead to more masking of important sounds for marine mammals than conventional pulsed sonar systems transmitting at a much lower duty cycle. This study investigated the potential of 1–2 kHz active sonar to mask echolocation-based foraging of sperm whales by modeling their echolocation detection process. Continuous masking for an echolocating sperm whale facing a sonar was predicted for sonar sound pressure levels of 160 dB re 1 μPa2, with intermittent masking at levels of 120 dB re 1 μPa2, but model predictions strongly depended on the animal orientation, harmonic content of the sonar, click source level, and target strength of the prey. The masking model predicted lower masking potential of buzz clicks compared to regular clicks, even though the energy source level is much lower. For buzz clicks, the lower source level is compensated for by the reduced two-way propagation loss to nearby prey during buzzes. These results help to predict what types of behavioral changes could indicate masking in the wild. Several key knowledge gaps related to masking potential of sonar in echolocating odontocetes were identified that require further investigation to assess the significance of masking. Publisher PDF Peer reviewed Article in Journal/Newspaper Sperm whale University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149 4 2908 2925 |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository |
op_collection_id |
ftstandrewserep |
language |
English |
topic |
GC Oceanography QH301 Biology T-NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water GC QH301 |
spellingShingle |
GC Oceanography QH301 Biology T-NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water GC QH301 von Benda-Beckmann, A M Isojunno, S Zandvliet, M Ainslie, M A Wensveen, P J Tyack, P L Kvadsheim, P H Lam, F P A Miller, P J O Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar |
topic_facet |
GC Oceanography QH301 Biology T-NDAS SDG 14 - Life Below Water GC QH301 |
description |
This study was sponsored by the U.S. Living Marine Resources program, Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant Nos. N00014-18-1-2062 and N00014-20-1-2709, UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), French Direction générale de l'armement (DGA), and the Netherlands Ministry of Defence. Modern active sonar systems can (almost) continuously transmit and receive sound, which can lead to more masking of important sounds for marine mammals than conventional pulsed sonar systems transmitting at a much lower duty cycle. This study investigated the potential of 1–2 kHz active sonar to mask echolocation-based foraging of sperm whales by modeling their echolocation detection process. Continuous masking for an echolocating sperm whale facing a sonar was predicted for sonar sound pressure levels of 160 dB re 1 μPa2, with intermittent masking at levels of 120 dB re 1 μPa2, but model predictions strongly depended on the animal orientation, harmonic content of the sonar, click source level, and target strength of the prey. The masking model predicted lower masking potential of buzz clicks compared to regular clicks, even though the energy source level is much lower. For buzz clicks, the lower source level is compensated for by the reduced two-way propagation loss to nearby prey during buzzes. These results help to predict what types of behavioral changes could indicate masking in the wild. Several key knowledge gaps related to masking potential of sonar in echolocating odontocetes were identified that require further investigation to assess the significance of masking. Publisher PDF Peer reviewed |
author2 |
University of St Andrews. School of Biology University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution University of St Andrews. Bioacoustics group University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
von Benda-Beckmann, A M Isojunno, S Zandvliet, M Ainslie, M A Wensveen, P J Tyack, P L Kvadsheim, P H Lam, F P A Miller, P J O |
author_facet |
von Benda-Beckmann, A M Isojunno, S Zandvliet, M Ainslie, M A Wensveen, P J Tyack, P L Kvadsheim, P H Lam, F P A Miller, P J O |
author_sort |
von Benda-Beckmann, A M |
title |
Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar |
title_short |
Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar |
title_full |
Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar |
title_fullStr |
Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar |
title_full_unstemmed |
Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar |
title_sort |
modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 khz naval sonar |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24683 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 |
genre |
Sperm whale |
genre_facet |
Sperm whale |
op_relation |
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America von Benda-Beckmann , A M , Isojunno , S , Zandvliet , M , Ainslie , M A , Wensveen , P J , Tyack , P L , Kvadsheim , P H , Lam , F P A & Miller , P J O 2021 , ' Modeling potential masking of echolocating sperm whales exposed to continuous 1–2 kHz naval sonar ' , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , vol. 149 , no. 4 , pp. 2908-2925 . https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 0001-4966 PURE: 274077901 PURE UUID: c7aed4c0-e79e-4149-b278-c36343cdbd0d Bibtex: VonBenda-Beckmann2021 ORCID: /0000-0002-2212-2135/work/93514405 ORCID: /0000-0002-8409-4790/work/93514690 Scopus: 85105282914 WOS: 000646687900001 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/24683 https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 |
op_rights |
Copyright © 2021 Acoustical Society of America. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the final published version of the work, which was originally published at https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769. |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0004769 |
container_title |
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |
container_volume |
149 |
container_issue |
4 |
container_start_page |
2908 |
op_container_end_page |
2925 |
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1770273873241047040 |