Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom
Funding: National Science Foundation grants 1925417, 1023672, and 0909541 to J.R.M., and 1824770 to J.G.M. and F.M.L. funded this research, as well as support to A.I.W. and J.R.M. from the John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund and All Souls College, Oxford. Clare Hall, Cambridge prov...
Published in: | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article in Journal/Newspaper |
Language: | English |
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2020
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Online Access: | http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21184 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
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University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository |
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English |
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Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing GE Environmental Sciences DAS SDG 13 - Climate Action GE |
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Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing GE Environmental Sciences DAS SDG 13 - Climate Action GE McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
topic_facet |
Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing GE Environmental Sciences DAS SDG 13 - Climate Action GE |
description |
Funding: National Science Foundation grants 1925417, 1023672, and 0909541 to J.R.M., and 1824770 to J.G.M. and F.M.L. funded this research, as well as support to A.I.W. and J.R.M. from the John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund and All Souls College, Oxford. Clare Hall, Cambridge provided additional support to J.R.M. through the Sir Nicholas Shackleton fellowship. F.M.L. also acknowledges support from an Irish Research Council Laureate Award (CLICAB project, IRCLA/2017/303). Swiss National Science Foundation grant 18001 funded C.C.R. and W.M.K. European Research Council grant 820047 under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme supported M.S. A.B. was supported by Marie Curie Career Integration Grant CIG14-631752. The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish ... |
author2 |
European Commission University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences University of St Andrews. St Andrews Isotope Geochemistry |
format |
Article in Journal/Newspaper |
author |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder |
author_facet |
McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder |
author_sort |
McConnell, Joseph R. |
title |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_short |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_full |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_fullStr |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_full_unstemmed |
Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom |
title_sort |
extreme climate after massive eruption of alaska's okmok volcano in 43 bce and effects on the late roman republic and ptolemaic kingdom |
publishDate |
2020 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21184 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
geographic |
Arctic Shackleton |
geographic_facet |
Arctic Shackleton |
genre |
Arctic ice core Alaska |
genre_facet |
Arctic ice core Alaska |
op_relation |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America McConnell , J R , Sigl , M , Plunkett , G , Burke , A , Kim , W M , Raible , C C , Wilson , A I , Manning , J G , Ludlow , F , Chellman , N J , Innes , H M , Yang , Z , Larsen , J F , Schaefer , J R , Kipfstuhl , S , Mojtabavi , S , Wilhelms , F , Opel , T , Meyer , H & Steffensen , J P 2020 , ' Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom ' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. Latest Articles , 2002722117 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 0027-8424 PURE: 268444306 PURE UUID: d55b2580-b79c-412c-b07b-3e289033d14f Bibtex: McConnell202002722 PubMed: 32571905 ORCID: /0000-0002-3754-1498/work/76387017 Scopus: 85088101484 WOS: 000548351700015 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21184 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 PCIG14-GA-2013-631752 |
op_rights |
Copyright © 2020 The Authors. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 |
container_title |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
container_volume |
117 |
container_issue |
27 |
container_start_page |
15443 |
op_container_end_page |
15449 |
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1770270954934501376 |
spelling |
ftstandrewserep:oai:research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk:10023/21184 2023-07-02T03:31:36+02:00 Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom McConnell, Joseph R. Sigl, Michael Plunkett, Gill Burke, Andrea Kim, Woon Mi Raible, Christoph C. Wilson, Andrew I. Manning, Joseph G. Ludlow, Francis Chellman, Nathan J. Innes, Helen M. Yang, Zhen Larsen, Jessica F. Schaefer, Janet R. Kipfstuhl, Sepp Mojtabavi, Seyedhamidreza Wilhelms, Frank Opel, Thomas Meyer, Hanno Steffensen, Jørgen Peder European Commission University of St Andrews. School of Earth & Environmental Sciences University of St Andrews. St Andrews Isotope Geochemistry 2020-12-22 application/pdf http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21184 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 eng eng Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America McConnell , J R , Sigl , M , Plunkett , G , Burke , A , Kim , W M , Raible , C C , Wilson , A I , Manning , J G , Ludlow , F , Chellman , N J , Innes , H M , Yang , Z , Larsen , J F , Schaefer , J R , Kipfstuhl , S , Mojtabavi , S , Wilhelms , F , Opel , T , Meyer , H & Steffensen , J P 2020 , ' Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska's Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom ' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. Latest Articles , 2002722117 . https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 0027-8424 PURE: 268444306 PURE UUID: d55b2580-b79c-412c-b07b-3e289033d14f Bibtex: McConnell202002722 PubMed: 32571905 ORCID: /0000-0002-3754-1498/work/76387017 Scopus: 85088101484 WOS: 000548351700015 http://hdl.handle.net/10023/21184 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 PCIG14-GA-2013-631752 Copyright © 2020 The Authors. This work has been made available online in accordance with publisher policies or with permission. Permission for further reuse of this content should be sought from the publisher or the rights holder. This is the author created accepted manuscript following peer review and may differ slightly from the final published version. The final published version of this work is available at https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 Ice core Volcano Okmok Rome Climate forcing GE Environmental Sciences DAS SDG 13 - Climate Action GE Journal article 2020 ftstandrewserep https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002722117 2023-06-13T18:29:35Z Funding: National Science Foundation grants 1925417, 1023672, and 0909541 to J.R.M., and 1824770 to J.G.M. and F.M.L. funded this research, as well as support to A.I.W. and J.R.M. from the John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund and All Souls College, Oxford. Clare Hall, Cambridge provided additional support to J.R.M. through the Sir Nicholas Shackleton fellowship. F.M.L. also acknowledges support from an Irish Research Council Laureate Award (CLICAB project, IRCLA/2017/303). Swiss National Science Foundation grant 18001 funded C.C.R. and W.M.K. European Research Council grant 820047 under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme supported M.S. A.B. was supported by Marie Curie Career Integration Grant CIG14-631752. The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish ... Article in Journal/Newspaper Arctic ice core Alaska University of St Andrews: Digital Research Repository Arctic Shackleton Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 27 15443 15449 |