Managing the effects of noise from ship traffic, seismic surveying and construction on marine mammals in Antarctica

• Published in: Frontiers in Marine Science
• Main Authors: Erbe, Christine, Dähne, Michael, Gordon, Jonathan, Herata, Heike, Houser, Dorian, Koschinski, Sven, Leaper, Russell, McCauley, Robert, Miller, Brian, Müller, Mirjam, Murray, Anita, Oswald, Julie, Scholik-Schlomer, Amy, Schuster, Max, van Opzeeland, Ilse, Janik, Vincent M.
• Other Authors: University of St Andrews. Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews. School of Biology, University of St Andrews. Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews. Marine Alliance for Science & Technology Scotland, University of St Andrews. Institute of Behavioural and Neural Sciences, University of St Andrews. Centre for Social Learning & Cognitive Evolution, University of St Andrews. Bioacoustics group
• Format: Article in Journal/Newspaper
• Language: English
• Published: 2019
• Subjects: Underwater noise; Antarctic Treaty; Seismic survey; Noise management; Ship noise; Marine mammal ecology; Antarctica - coastal ecology; QH301 Biology; NDAS; SDG 14 - Life Below Water; QH301; Antarctic; Southern Ocean; The Antarctic; Antarc*; Antarctica
• Online Access: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/18861; https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00647; https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00647/full

The Protocol on Environmental Protection of the Antarctic Treaty stipulates that the protection of the Antarctic environment and associated ecosystems be considered in the planning and conducting of all activities in the Antarctic Treaty area. One of the key pollutants created by human activities in the Antarctic is noise, primarily caused by ship traffic (from tourism, fisheries, and research), but also by geophysical research (e.g., seismic surveys) and by research station support activities (including construction). Arguably, amongst the species most vulnerable to noise are marine mammals since they specialise in using sound for communication, navigation and foraging, and therefore have evolved the highest auditory sensitivity among marine organisms. Reported effects of noise on marine mammals in lower-latitude oceans include stress, behavioural changes such as avoidance, auditory masking, hearing threshold shifts, and—in extreme cases—death. Eight mysticete species, 10 odontocete species, and six pinniped species occur south of 60OS (i.e., in the Southern Ocean). For many of these, the Southern Ocean is a key area for foraging and reproduction. Yet, little is known about how these species are affected by noise. We review the current prevalence of anthropogenic noise and the distribution of marine mammals in the Southern Ocean, and the current research gaps that prevent us from accurately assessing noise impacts on Antarctic marine mammals. A questionnaire given to 29 international experts on marine mammals revealed a variety of research needs. Those that received the highest rankings were 1) improved data on abundance and distribution of Antarctic marine mammals, 2) hearing data for Antarctic marine mammals, in particular a mysticete audiogram, and 3) an assessment of the effectiveness of various noise mitigation options. The management need with the highest score was a refinement of noise exposure criteria. Environmental evaluations are a requirement before conducting activities in the Antarctic. Because of ...