| Summary: | Abundance estimation of wildlife populations is frequently derived from systematic survey data. Accuracy and precision of estimates, however, depend on the number of replicate surveys, and on adjustments made for animals unavailable to (availability bias), or available but undetected (perception bias) by observers. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the relative influence of methodological, environmental and behavioral factors on availability bias estimates from photographic and visual aerial surveys of a small cetacean with a highly clumped distribution, the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). It also estimates the effect of the number of surveys on accuracy and precision of abundance estimates, using 28 replicate visual surveys flown within a 16—29 day window depending on survey year. Availability bias was estimated using detailed dive data from 27 beluga from the St. Lawrence Estuary, Canada, and applied to systematic visual and photographic aerial surveys of this population, flown using various survey platforms. Dive and surface interval durations varied among individuals, and averaged (weighted) 176.6 s (weighted s.e. = 12.6 s) and 51.6 s (weighted s.e. = 4.5 s), respectively. Dive time and instantaneous availability, but not surface time, were affected by local turbidity, seafloor depth, whale behavior (i.e., whether beluga were likely in transit or not), and latent processes that were habitat-specific. Overall, adjustments of availability for these effects remained minor compared to effects from survey design (photographic or visual) and type of platform, and observer search patterns. For instance, mean availability varied from 0.33—0.38 among photographic surveys depending on sightings distribution across the study area, but exceeded 0.40 for all visual surveys. Availability also varied considerably depending on whether observers searched within 0-90° (0.42—0.60) or 170° (0.70—0.80). Simulation-based power analysis indicates a large benefit associated with conducting more than 1 or 2 survey reps, ...
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