Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar
The effect of active sonars on marine mammal behaviour is a topic of considerable interest and scientific investigation. Some whales, including the largest species (blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus ), can be impacted by mid-frequency (1–10 kHz) military sonars. Here we apply complementary experime...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Still Image |
Language: | unknown |
Published: |
2023
|
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Supplemental_Fig_S3_from_Behavioural_responses_of_fin_whales_to_military_mid-frequency_active_sonar/24711867 |
id |
ftroysocietyfig:oai:figshare.com:article/24711867 |
---|---|
record_format |
openpolar |
spelling |
ftroysocietyfig:oai:figshare.com:article/24711867 2023-12-31T10:04:59+01:00 Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar Brandon L. Southall Ann N. Allen John Calambokidis Caroline Casey Stacy L. DeRuiter Selene Fregosi Ari S. Friedlaender Jeremy A. Goldbogen Catriona M. Harris Elliott L. Hazen Valentin Popov Alison K. Stimpert 2023-12-01T13:39:58Z https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Supplemental_Fig_S3_from_Behavioural_responses_of_fin_whales_to_military_mid-frequency_active_sonar/24711867 unknown doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Supplemental_Fig_S3_from_Behavioural_responses_of_fin_whales_to_military_mid-frequency_active_sonar/24711867 CC BY 4.0 Animal behaviour noise marine mammals mid-frequency sonar fin whales behaviour Generalized Additive Mixed Model Hidden Markov Model Image Figure 2023 ftroysocietyfig https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 2023-12-07T00:10:44Z The effect of active sonars on marine mammal behaviour is a topic of considerable interest and scientific investigation. Some whales, including the largest species (blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus ), can be impacted by mid-frequency (1–10 kHz) military sonars. Here we apply complementary experimental methods to provide the first experimentally controlled measurements of behavioural responses to military sonar and similar stimuli for a related endangered species, fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ). Analytical methods include: (i) Principal Component Analysis paired with Generalized Additive Mixed Models; (ii) Hidden Markov Models; and (iii) structured expert elicitation using response severity metrics. These approaches provide complementary perspectives on the nature of potential changes within and across individuals. Behavioural changes were detected in five of 15 whales during controlled exposure experiments using mid-frequency active sonar or pseudorandom noise of similar frequency, duration and source and received level. No changes were detected during six control (no noise) sequences. Overall responses were more limited in occurrence, severity and duration than in blue whales and were less dependent upon contextual aspects of exposure and more contingent upon exposure received level. Quantifying the factors influencing marine mammal responses to sonar is critical in assessing and mitigating future impacts. Still Image Balaenoptera musculus Balaenoptera physalus The Royal Society: Figshare |
institution |
Open Polar |
collection |
The Royal Society: Figshare |
op_collection_id |
ftroysocietyfig |
language |
unknown |
topic |
Animal behaviour noise marine mammals mid-frequency sonar fin whales behaviour Generalized Additive Mixed Model Hidden Markov Model |
spellingShingle |
Animal behaviour noise marine mammals mid-frequency sonar fin whales behaviour Generalized Additive Mixed Model Hidden Markov Model Brandon L. Southall Ann N. Allen John Calambokidis Caroline Casey Stacy L. DeRuiter Selene Fregosi Ari S. Friedlaender Jeremy A. Goldbogen Catriona M. Harris Elliott L. Hazen Valentin Popov Alison K. Stimpert Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
topic_facet |
Animal behaviour noise marine mammals mid-frequency sonar fin whales behaviour Generalized Additive Mixed Model Hidden Markov Model |
description |
The effect of active sonars on marine mammal behaviour is a topic of considerable interest and scientific investigation. Some whales, including the largest species (blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus ), can be impacted by mid-frequency (1–10 kHz) military sonars. Here we apply complementary experimental methods to provide the first experimentally controlled measurements of behavioural responses to military sonar and similar stimuli for a related endangered species, fin whales ( Balaenoptera physalus ). Analytical methods include: (i) Principal Component Analysis paired with Generalized Additive Mixed Models; (ii) Hidden Markov Models; and (iii) structured expert elicitation using response severity metrics. These approaches provide complementary perspectives on the nature of potential changes within and across individuals. Behavioural changes were detected in five of 15 whales during controlled exposure experiments using mid-frequency active sonar or pseudorandom noise of similar frequency, duration and source and received level. No changes were detected during six control (no noise) sequences. Overall responses were more limited in occurrence, severity and duration than in blue whales and were less dependent upon contextual aspects of exposure and more contingent upon exposure received level. Quantifying the factors influencing marine mammal responses to sonar is critical in assessing and mitigating future impacts. |
format |
Still Image |
author |
Brandon L. Southall Ann N. Allen John Calambokidis Caroline Casey Stacy L. DeRuiter Selene Fregosi Ari S. Friedlaender Jeremy A. Goldbogen Catriona M. Harris Elliott L. Hazen Valentin Popov Alison K. Stimpert |
author_facet |
Brandon L. Southall Ann N. Allen John Calambokidis Caroline Casey Stacy L. DeRuiter Selene Fregosi Ari S. Friedlaender Jeremy A. Goldbogen Catriona M. Harris Elliott L. Hazen Valentin Popov Alison K. Stimpert |
author_sort |
Brandon L. Southall |
title |
Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
title_short |
Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
title_full |
Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
title_fullStr |
Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
title_full_unstemmed |
Supplemental_Fig S3 from Behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
title_sort |
supplemental_fig s3 from behavioural responses of fin whales to military mid-frequency active sonar |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Supplemental_Fig_S3_from_Behavioural_responses_of_fin_whales_to_military_mid-frequency_active_sonar/24711867 |
genre |
Balaenoptera musculus Balaenoptera physalus |
genre_facet |
Balaenoptera musculus Balaenoptera physalus |
op_relation |
doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Supplemental_Fig_S3_from_Behavioural_responses_of_fin_whales_to_military_mid-frequency_active_sonar/24711867 |
op_rights |
CC BY 4.0 |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.24711867.v1 |
_version_ |
1786836458384916480 |