Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols
The North Atlantic Warming Hole (NAWH) has been observed and predicted due to the increase in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration. If sulphate aerosols, which have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, are reduced by air pollution control, the NAWH may form as it would if CO(2) concentrations increas...
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9807570 2023-05-15T15:06:56+02:00 Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols Kusakabe, Yuki Takemura, Toshihiko 2023-01-02 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807570/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36593248 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27315-3 en eng Nature Publishing Group UK http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807570/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36593248 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27315-3 © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . CC-BY Sci Rep Article Text 2023 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27315-3 2023-01-08T02:07:17Z The North Atlantic Warming Hole (NAWH) has been observed and predicted due to the increase in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration. If sulphate aerosols, which have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, are reduced by air pollution control, the NAWH may form as it would if CO(2) concentrations increased. In this study, sensitivity experiments using a coupled atmosphere–ocean-aerosol model were conducted by varying the amount of sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) emissions, a precursor of sulphate which is the primary anthropogenic aerosol in the atmosphere, to analyse the changes in the ocean temperature, salinity, and density. The results showed that although the spatial patterns of the NAWH due to the changes in SO(2) emissions was similar to that due to the changes in the CO(2) concentrations, the magnitude of the shifts in the ocean parameters due to the changes in SO(2) emissions is larger even when changes in global mean temperature are comparable. This can be due to the spatial concentration of sulphate aerosols in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting larger changes in the heat transport from the south on the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current along with changes in freshwater inflow from the Arctic through the Labrador Sea. Text Arctic Labrador Sea north atlantic current North Atlantic PubMed Central (PMC) Arctic Scientific Reports 13 1 |
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Article Kusakabe, Yuki Takemura, Toshihiko Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
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The North Atlantic Warming Hole (NAWH) has been observed and predicted due to the increase in carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentration. If sulphate aerosols, which have a cooling effect on the atmosphere, are reduced by air pollution control, the NAWH may form as it would if CO(2) concentrations increased. In this study, sensitivity experiments using a coupled atmosphere–ocean-aerosol model were conducted by varying the amount of sulphur dioxide (SO(2)) emissions, a precursor of sulphate which is the primary anthropogenic aerosol in the atmosphere, to analyse the changes in the ocean temperature, salinity, and density. The results showed that although the spatial patterns of the NAWH due to the changes in SO(2) emissions was similar to that due to the changes in the CO(2) concentrations, the magnitude of the shifts in the ocean parameters due to the changes in SO(2) emissions is larger even when changes in global mean temperature are comparable. This can be due to the spatial concentration of sulphate aerosols in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting larger changes in the heat transport from the south on the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current along with changes in freshwater inflow from the Arctic through the Labrador Sea. |
format |
Text |
author |
Kusakabe, Yuki Takemura, Toshihiko |
author_facet |
Kusakabe, Yuki Takemura, Toshihiko |
author_sort |
Kusakabe, Yuki |
title |
Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
title_short |
Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
title_full |
Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
title_fullStr |
Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
title_full_unstemmed |
Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
title_sort |
formation of the north atlantic warming hole by reducing anthropogenic sulphate aerosols |
publisher |
Nature Publishing Group UK |
publishDate |
2023 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807570/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36593248 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27315-3 |
geographic |
Arctic |
geographic_facet |
Arctic |
genre |
Arctic Labrador Sea north atlantic current North Atlantic |
genre_facet |
Arctic Labrador Sea north atlantic current North Atlantic |
op_source |
Sci Rep |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9807570/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36593248 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27315-3 |
op_rights |
© The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
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CC-BY |
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-27315-3 |
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