Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound
Penguins are known to react to underwater noise, but it is unknown if they make use of sound cues while diving. We tested whether captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) can pair underwater sounds with food through Pavlovian conditioning. Two seconds after an underwater sound (a 1-4 kHz sweep wit...
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Online Access: | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9641527/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36226824 https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 |
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ftpubmed:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9641527 2023-05-15T18:03:51+02:00 Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound Rasmussen, Maria S. Sørensen, Kenneth Vittrup, Malou F. Wahlberg, Magnus 2022-11-03 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9641527/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36226824 https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 en eng The Company of Biologists Ltd http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9641527/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36226824 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 © 2022. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. CC-BY Biol Open Research Article Text 2022 ftpubmed https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 2022-11-20T01:58:41Z Penguins are known to react to underwater noise, but it is unknown if they make use of sound cues while diving. We tested whether captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) can pair underwater sounds with food through Pavlovian conditioning. Two seconds after an underwater sound (a 1-4 kHz sweep with a received level of 130 dB re 1 µPa RMS) was played back to one or two unidentifiable penguins, a dead fish was flushed into the water close to the underwater sound source. After 8 weeks of conditioning, one or more individual penguins approached the sound source after sound emission in 78.3% out of 230 trials. In 43 intermixed control trials with no sound preceding the fish, the penguins did not show any reaction in the pre-flush period. In an additional experiment, three identified penguins reacted to the sound in 66.7-100% out of 30 trials, with 0% reactions in five intermixed control trials. Our experiments demonstrate that gentoo penguins can be conditioned to underwater sound and that they associate underwater sounds with food. It is possible that gentoos, as well as other species of penguins, use sound cues while foraging. This may explain why penguins have been observed to react negatively to anthropogenic noise. Text Pygoscelis papua PubMed Central (PMC) Biology Open 11 11 |
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Research Article Rasmussen, Maria S. Sørensen, Kenneth Vittrup, Malou F. Wahlberg, Magnus Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
topic_facet |
Research Article |
description |
Penguins are known to react to underwater noise, but it is unknown if they make use of sound cues while diving. We tested whether captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) can pair underwater sounds with food through Pavlovian conditioning. Two seconds after an underwater sound (a 1-4 kHz sweep with a received level of 130 dB re 1 µPa RMS) was played back to one or two unidentifiable penguins, a dead fish was flushed into the water close to the underwater sound source. After 8 weeks of conditioning, one or more individual penguins approached the sound source after sound emission in 78.3% out of 230 trials. In 43 intermixed control trials with no sound preceding the fish, the penguins did not show any reaction in the pre-flush period. In an additional experiment, three identified penguins reacted to the sound in 66.7-100% out of 30 trials, with 0% reactions in five intermixed control trials. Our experiments demonstrate that gentoo penguins can be conditioned to underwater sound and that they associate underwater sounds with food. It is possible that gentoos, as well as other species of penguins, use sound cues while foraging. This may explain why penguins have been observed to react negatively to anthropogenic noise. |
format |
Text |
author |
Rasmussen, Maria S. Sørensen, Kenneth Vittrup, Malou F. Wahlberg, Magnus |
author_facet |
Rasmussen, Maria S. Sørensen, Kenneth Vittrup, Malou F. Wahlberg, Magnus |
author_sort |
Rasmussen, Maria S. |
title |
Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
title_short |
Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
title_full |
Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
title_fullStr |
Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
title_full_unstemmed |
Pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
title_sort |
pavlovian conditioning of gentoo penguins (pygoscelis papua) to underwater sound |
publisher |
The Company of Biologists Ltd |
publishDate |
2022 |
url |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9641527/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36226824 https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 |
genre |
Pygoscelis papua |
genre_facet |
Pygoscelis papua |
op_source |
Biol Open |
op_relation |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9641527/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36226824 http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 |
op_rights |
© 2022. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. |
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CC-BY |
op_doi |
https://doi.org/10.1242/bio.059425 |
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Biology Open |
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11 |
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11 |
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